Tuesday, April 25, 2017

Flaviviruses and cancer confusion

If only nuclear viruses cause cancer what is going on with flaviviruses? Some of them cause cancer so some of them must be getting into the nucleus.  Previously assumed the flavivirus family used the melanocortin receptor family.

MCR4 receptor used by hep C and yellow fever virus would cycle to the ER which could then have access to the nucleus like the polyomaviruses

Acute myeloid leukemia and flaviviruses

Flaviviruses and bone marrow
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7663049

Hepatitis C (mcr1 on red blood cells and mcr4 on liver)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095034
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8037177

Dengue and leukemia (mcr5 is on T cells)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793316

west nile and leukemia  (mcr3 is on kidneys)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344671
http://journals.lww.com/jpho-online/Abstract/2005/12000/West_Nile_Virus_Infection_in_a_Teenage_Boy_With.6.aspx
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/7/4/01-7432_article ?
http://www.auntminnie.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=56900?

Zika and leukemia (MCR2 is ACTH which would effect brain development)
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/04/report-outlines-patterns-rare-fatal-zika-infections

Leukemia's cells with MCR1, MCR4 (ACTH), and MCR5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393082/

Which melanocortin receptors move to the cytosol and which ones move to the nucleus? are the other  flaviviruses weakly binding the MCR4 ?

Yellow virus and Hep C have been found to disrupt the ER

MCR1 and cytosolic signaling
https://books.google.com/books?id=1TqcWM-EI_sC&pg=PT218&lpg=PT218&dq=melanosomes+mcr1&source=bl&ots=aJp6i1d8G0&sig=3EutzUrtzzKZVtYkKRtZXKPsBww&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjljvSZmcLTAhUR92MKHUkeC7oQ6AEITjAF#v=onepage&q=melanosomes%20mcr1&f=false

Reference looking at MCRs and they all look like they internalize to the cytosol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2547351/

MCRAP (MCR accessory proteins)  exist only for MCR2 (ACTH receptor) and the MCR4
Is this the protein necessary to send the receptors to the nucleus?

MCR AP does stabilize the receptors at the membrane

Hepatitis C does cause liver cancer too: Hepatocellular cancer.   Heptocellular cancer was linked to MCR4.

The melanocortin receptors are linked to the melanocortin stimulating hormone thus pigmentation and glucose metabolism.

Hepatocellular carcinoma has been found to have altered glucose metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143760/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7562048

Pigmentation is seen on some hepatocellular
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205181

acute myeloid leukemia and distinct glucose metabolism
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/124/10/1645?sso-checked=true

thyroid papillary carcinoma and glucose metabolism
http://jme.endocrinology-journals.org/content/58/1/15.abstract
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329154

minocycline, black thyroid, and papillary cancer

minocycline and pigmentation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19595269

minocycline and melanocortin stimulating hormone
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10429980

note that papillary thyroid cancer has also can cases of being black or pigmented without minocycline
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2010/681647/

note mcr3 and mcr4 both trigger the melanocortin stimulating hormone

hmm I had flaviviruses in the cytosol with hla-dr...but perhaps some of these are clatherin cages?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490717

Hmm the flu uses clatherin cages too and those were linked to HLA-dr4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715838/

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