Monday, April 10, 2017

Do the receptors reveal how viruses methylate or demethylate?

Here is the pattern I have noticed

Zygote - demethylation- Blastocyte- methylation- Epiblast (pluripotent cells)
       awakens Herv K                                Herv H

Epiblast  -demethylation  - PGCs  -  methylation -Fetus
                    Herv E                              Herv W

viruses:  HPV/flavivirus    Herpes/ polyomaviruses/ retroviruses
                   demethylation                     methylation

The question is how does methylation or demethylation get triggered.  It has been suggested that the immune reaction to infection must be methylation but how can that be if half the viruses demethylate.
Is it possible that the way a virus infects the cell, the receptor used, triggers the methylation or demethylation?

My previous hypothesis: virus families use receptor families suggested these:

Retroviruses- albumin binding receptors (HIV - luteinizing receptors)  where do these fall?

HPV - cannabinoid receptors
Flaviviruses- melanocortin receptors (only MCR1 goes to the nucleus)

Herpes - Estrogen receptors (only alpha-estrogen receptors and estrogen-like receptors go to the nucleus)
 Polyomaviruses - Serotonin like receptors (they go through the ER)


Things that bind estrogen receptors have been suspects in trigger methylation

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X04005029
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3650939?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

So do Herpes viruses trigger methylation by binding like estrogen?

If HPV uses Cannabinoid receptors are they the opposite? Do they demethylate?

methylation has been linked to pain
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0142046

The CB receptors have been studied as possible pain relievers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11164622/

CB2 receptors have negative effects on sperm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671998

methylation is key for sperm development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951794

It looks like the cannabinoid receptors used by HPV could be triggering demethylation.

So what do retroviruses like HIV do?

LH receptor methylates
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6315096

HIV and herv W


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27885560

It is very possible that the choice of methylation or demethylation made by the cell when infected by a virus is not a defensive choice but rather determined by the receptor used by the virus to infect.

???
The the triple negative cancers involving HPV have demethylation involved.  Specifically they can see the demethylation of the estrogen receptor.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7538900
http://www.ashg.org/genetics/ashg07s/f21242.htm



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