Sunday, July 31, 2016

Could the Dengue virus' second exposure be worse because of the types of white blood cells it infected? A lack of T cells

Could the Dengue virus' second exposure be worse because of the types of white blood cells it infected the first time? Could the white blood cells with melanocortin receptors be missing from the second response?

Second response to Dengue is dominated by reactive plasmablasts
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27030262/
http://jvi.asm.org/content/86/6/2911.full

there is an association between the size of the plasmablast response and the severity of disease of the second response
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/1/80.abstract 

Memory B cells transition to plasmablasts then into plasma cells. As they do so the level of antibody secretion increases
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27030262/

What happened to the T cells? I believe that Dengue uses the MCR5 receptor

Melanocortin 5 receptors are involved in inflammation at the spleen by the T cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043903
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989727

 "Primed T cells express the melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5r)"
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488983

Imagine the second exposure to dengue viruses as chaotic in that the awakened memory B cells are labeling everything but the Dengue virus has infected and destroyed most of the T cells ( through MCR5).

There are 4 types of Dengue and the severe reaction is typically when the second exposure is with a different dengue (that the antibodies do not recognize?)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21219187/?i=6&from=/27030262/related

Below are the reasons I think the flaviviruses are using the melanocortin receptors:

Melatonin protects from a flavivirus infection
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962057

Kidney cells have MCR1, MCR3, and 4. Embryonic cells have MCR5. Brain was the only one with MCR2.
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/zika-virus-kills-developing-brain-cells

Zika is probably using MCR2 (ACTH receptor) while Dengue would be using MCR5.  Note that ACTH is the first hormone used for brain development and zika has been found infecting the fetal brain.

In general, embryonic cells would be infected by the Dengue because they express MCR5.

Embryonic heart cell and dengue
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25598317

Dengue vaccines and the mcr-5 cell line
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells/mrc5/mrc5cells.html

Thyroid issues, melantonin, and dengue

melatonin increases/stimulates the thyroid...by stimulating a melanocortin receptor
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11083464

dengue and subacute thyroiditis...is this the same thing?? but dengue is triggering the receptor of the thyroid instead of melatonin
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23033818

or has melatonin itself been released (by the immune system) in an attempt to call inflammation and  awaken T cells
previously melatonin had been found to be released as an anti-inflammatory agent by the immune system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645767/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827742
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218248 (melanocortins modulate fever)
















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