If the zika virus is infecting cells of the body using melanocortin receptors it could be disrupting the critical first hormone of fetal brain development ACTH. Instead of these receptors being activated stimulating fetal brain growth these neurons are infected by the virus.
Zika virus and small brains?
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/virus-spread-mosquitoes-linked-rare-birth-defect?mode=magazine&context=2760
http://www.newsweek.com/zika-virus-spreading-outside-brazil-and-could-threaten-us-411623
Zika is a flavivirus which is the family of viruses that could be using the melanocortin receptors
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/10/pdfs/15-0847.pdf
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/07/do-flaviviruses-infect-using.html
melatonin protecting against flavivirus infection through competition with the receptors?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962057
Melanocortin receptors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor
St. Louis encephalitis virus (a flavivirus like the Japanese encephalitis virus) was found to have killed the neurons containing melanin (in the substantia nigra which is the area associated with parkinson's)
https://books.google.com/books?id=60SSgRYdWyoC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=st.+louis+encephalitis+melanin&source=bl&ots=fcc1jcgiZY&sig=5gGlq6Sa7aYB_KNyY-w-Oyw1uk4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmyuy5--bLAhUmmIMKHaaRCmwQ6AEISjAH#v=onepage&q=st.%20louis%20encephalitis%20melanin&f=false
west nile virus apparently picks the same brain cells displaying parkinson's like symptoms in some cases
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/12/1617.full
This Zika virus could specifically be using the ACTH receptor of the brain causing the microcephaly.
ACTH receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (MCR2)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor
Would the using of the ACTH receptor or other brain melanocortin receptors by the virus and destroying those cells cause the underdevelopment of the babies brains? can this be prevented?
Adrenal deficiencies are known to cause abnormal white matter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809734/
Fetal brain development and ACTH
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/199043
Added march 28th in: Zika virus has been found infecting the brain cells
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/zika-virus-kills-developing-brain-cells
Brain cells have MCR2 and MRC4
Looking at this article what is unsaid is as important is what is said. Zika was exposed to 3 types of cells: kidney cells, neurons, and embryonic stem cells. West nile virus likes the kidney cells. Dengue virus likes the embryonic stem cells.
Zika had only a ten percent infection rate for those other cells. So what are we really looking at ? The melanocortin receptors binding affinity.
Kidney cells have MCR1, MCR3, and 4. Embryonic cells have MCR5. Brain was the only one with MCR2.
Here is the link to the paper
http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)00106-5
In addition to looking at Zika infecting neurons. They looked at the infection of kidney cells by the virus. Kidney cells have lots of melanocortin receptors but they found very few kidney cells infected (10%) So has the Zika virus mutated and modified to have stronger binding with ACTH receptor which is MCR2 ?
Here is the graph of the paper and the cells they looked at
PSC are the kidney, ESC are the Embryonic
http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)00106-5
I am looking for a newer paper to see if they say ACTH receptors or even MCR2 with Zika.
West nile and Kidney
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/
Dengue and Embryonic stem
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/
(added section done)
Note that mosquitoes do not have melanocortin receptors which is why they seem unaffected by the flaviviruses.
This also asserts that all the flaviviruses can cause microcephaly but perhaps to a smaller degree: dengue, yellow fever, west nile and chikunguna. They might bind the other melanocortin receptors better. The key is the timing of exposure when the ACTH is the most critical to the baby's brain and the number of brain cells infected. The earlier the worse off the child.
Outside of Flaviviruses:
CMV could be causing some cases of microcephaly but not through the ACTH receptors rather by causing adrenal failure and the absence of ACTH hormone.
CMV and adrenal failure
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971208015439
CMV and infantile spasms: low ACTH
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17718825
St. louis encephalitis (flavivirus) and the patient also had prostate cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745774
prostate and chikungunya virus (alphavirus that might be using same receptors also transmitted by mosquitoes)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167328
other viruses can cause prostate cancer: Co-carcinogenesis hypothesis is the synergistic actions of a virus and carcinogen together cause cancer. Herpes viruses have also been linked.
Zika virus and small brains?
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/virus-spread-mosquitoes-linked-rare-birth-defect?mode=magazine&context=2760
http://www.newsweek.com/zika-virus-spreading-outside-brazil-and-could-threaten-us-411623
Zika is a flavivirus which is the family of viruses that could be using the melanocortin receptors
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/10/pdfs/15-0847.pdf
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/07/do-flaviviruses-infect-using.html
melatonin protecting against flavivirus infection through competition with the receptors?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962057
Melanocortin receptors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor
St. Louis encephalitis virus (a flavivirus like the Japanese encephalitis virus) was found to have killed the neurons containing melanin (in the substantia nigra which is the area associated with parkinson's)
https://books.google.com/books?id=60SSgRYdWyoC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=st.+louis+encephalitis+melanin&source=bl&ots=fcc1jcgiZY&sig=5gGlq6Sa7aYB_KNyY-w-Oyw1uk4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmyuy5--bLAhUmmIMKHaaRCmwQ6AEISjAH#v=onepage&q=st.%20louis%20encephalitis%20melanin&f=false
west nile virus apparently picks the same brain cells displaying parkinson's like symptoms in some cases
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/12/1617.full
This Zika virus could specifically be using the ACTH receptor of the brain causing the microcephaly.
ACTH receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (MCR2)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor
Would the using of the ACTH receptor or other brain melanocortin receptors by the virus and destroying those cells cause the underdevelopment of the babies brains? can this be prevented?
Adrenal deficiencies are known to cause abnormal white matter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809734/
Fetal brain development and ACTH
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/199043
Added march 28th in: Zika virus has been found infecting the brain cells
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/zika-virus-kills-developing-brain-cells
Brain cells have MCR2 and MRC4
Looking at this article what is unsaid is as important is what is said. Zika was exposed to 3 types of cells: kidney cells, neurons, and embryonic stem cells. West nile virus likes the kidney cells. Dengue virus likes the embryonic stem cells.
Zika had only a ten percent infection rate for those other cells. So what are we really looking at ? The melanocortin receptors binding affinity.
Kidney cells have MCR1, MCR3, and 4. Embryonic cells have MCR5. Brain was the only one with MCR2.
Here is the link to the paper
http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)00106-5
In addition to looking at Zika infecting neurons. They looked at the infection of kidney cells by the virus. Kidney cells have lots of melanocortin receptors but they found very few kidney cells infected (10%) So has the Zika virus mutated and modified to have stronger binding with ACTH receptor which is MCR2 ?
Here is the graph of the paper and the cells they looked at
PSC are the kidney, ESC are the Embryonic
http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)00106-5
I am looking for a newer paper to see if they say ACTH receptors or even MCR2 with Zika.
West nile and Kidney
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/
Dengue and Embryonic stem
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/
(added section done)
Note that mosquitoes do not have melanocortin receptors which is why they seem unaffected by the flaviviruses.
This also asserts that all the flaviviruses can cause microcephaly but perhaps to a smaller degree: dengue, yellow fever, west nile and chikunguna. They might bind the other melanocortin receptors better. The key is the timing of exposure when the ACTH is the most critical to the baby's brain and the number of brain cells infected. The earlier the worse off the child.
Outside of Flaviviruses:
CMV could be causing some cases of microcephaly but not through the ACTH receptors rather by causing adrenal failure and the absence of ACTH hormone.
CMV and adrenal failure
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971208015439
CMV and infantile spasms: low ACTH
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17718825
Here are a few more links that make me believe flaviviruses use melanocortin receptors:
melanocortin receptors and prostate cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842514
West nile case where his prostate was involved
http://www.star-telegram.com/living/family/moms/article3832474.html
Prostate cancer and melanoma
http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthlibrary/related/doc.php?type=88&id=p10776
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813922
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/7/2/670
melanocortin receptors and prostate cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842514
West nile case where his prostate was involved
http://www.star-telegram.com/living/family/moms/article3832474.html
Prostate cancer and melanoma
http://healthcare.utah.edu/healthlibrary/related/doc.php?type=88&id=p10776
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813922
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/7/2/670
St. louis encephalitis (flavivirus) and the patient also had prostate cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745774
prostate and chikungunya virus (alphavirus that might be using same receptors also transmitted by mosquitoes)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167328
other viruses can cause prostate cancer: Co-carcinogenesis hypothesis is the synergistic actions of a virus and carcinogen together cause cancer. Herpes viruses have also been linked.
No comments:
Post a Comment