Title:
Mycobacterias possible connection to Type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Abstract:
Mycobacterias could cause disease when the cGMP they produce for quorum sensing interferes with the host's normal cGMP cellular systems.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270164235_Quorum_Sensing_and_Biofilm_Formation_in_Mycobacteria_Role_of_c-di-GMP_and_Methods_to_Study_This_Second_Messenger
Introduction:
Chron's, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and parkinon's disease have all been associated with mycobacterias. All 4 have also been associated with fatty acid liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
The chemical reactions for type 2 diabetes and fatty acid liver disease are basically the same involving NO increasing cGMP levels.
Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas makes insulin but the body's cells do not respond to insulin, a state called insulin resistance. Normally when cells see insulin they produce NO which activates cGMP at the plasma membrane which stimulates the glucose transporter to import glucose into the cell. The glucose transporter might be overloaded if mycobacterias are present and as a result shut down.
The same sort of NO/cGMP system functions in the liver for the break down of fatty acids.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12632570 If cGMP levels are constantly high this could cause the fatty acid liver disease.
Note that Nitric oxides role has been considered but that the reason for a disfunction at this step has not been found. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878261
Mycobacterias use cGMP for quorum sensing to communicate about the growth of the biofilm mycobacteria colony size. It seems logical that a mycobacteria infection would cause cGMP pathways to become disrupted. This hypothesis paper analyzes mycobacterias cause as a possible cause of cGMP linked diseases including type2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.
Hypothesis
Mycobacterias cause type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by secreting cGMP into the bloodsteam of the host.
Evaluation of Hypothesis
Tuberculosis has a long history of association with type 2 diabetes and has recently been discovered to be linked to non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Both type 2 diabetes and non alcoholic fatty liver disease can be connected to cGMP in their pathways of normal function. Mycobacterias like tuberculosis use quorum sensing to communicate and the molecule they use is a type of cGMP. The hypothesis is that the cGMP made by the mycobacteria disrupts the normal cGMP processes of the host causing high cholesterol through fatty liver disease and insulin resistance by disrupting the glucose transporter.
Resveratrol, which has been shown to activate cGMP, has also been shown to decrease the amount of fat in the liver in cases of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Does the normal cGMP inside the cell down regulate if the mycobacteria has flooded the bloodstream with cGMP? Does fatty liver disease cause high cholesterol?
The glucose transporter of all of our cells has a plasma membrane cGMP stimulation that occurs after insulin raises NO levels in cells. Is there less internal cGMP to turn the transporter on if bloodstream cGMP is high? Is this state what causes the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes?
Both type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been connected to obesity.
However, Type 2 diabetes is not always associated with obesity because for obesity to be caused by the mycobacteria the immune system must be engaged and producing TNF-alpha.
THF-alpha is part of the immune response against mycobacterial infections and separately TNF-alpha is how the host's body maintains the proper about of adipose tissue. If the immune system is over engaged for too long against mycobacterias the body would have unusually high leptin levels favoring more adipose tissue....obesity.
If the host's immune system has chosen to calm down or doesn't fight the mycobacterias then high cholesterol and type 2 diabetes could exist without obesity because these are caused not by TNF-alpha but by the cGMP. The cGMP from the mycobacteria can cause the fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes in a person who would appear healthy and not obese.
The finding of high levels of alpha-synuclein in the blood of type 2 diabetes patients, parkinson's patients brains, and some Crohn's patients guts connect it to cGMP too. In fact cGMP was found to increase the levels of alpha-synuclein.
High cGMP could prevent the normal stimulation of glucose transport of cells and the breakdown of fatty acids while simultaneously dumping synuclein where the mycobacterias are growing because of the same cGMP.
Bipolar disorder has a strong association with type 2 diabetes too. Could bipolar disorder be a cGMP disorder too? The SERT transporter which moves serotonin has been shown to be altered by cGMP levels. Or is bipolar a separate autoimmune disease triggered by the combination of mycobacterias and cmv virus?
Also note that Testosterone levels appear to be altered.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23797822?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn
Mycobacterias possible connection to Type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Abstract:
Mycobacterias could cause disease when the cGMP they produce for quorum sensing interferes with the host's normal cGMP cellular systems.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270164235_Quorum_Sensing_and_Biofilm_Formation_in_Mycobacteria_Role_of_c-di-GMP_and_Methods_to_Study_This_Second_Messenger
Introduction:
Chron's, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and parkinon's disease have all been associated with mycobacterias. All 4 have also been associated with fatty acid liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
The chemical reactions for type 2 diabetes and fatty acid liver disease are basically the same involving NO increasing cGMP levels.
Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas makes insulin but the body's cells do not respond to insulin, a state called insulin resistance. Normally when cells see insulin they produce NO which activates cGMP at the plasma membrane which stimulates the glucose transporter to import glucose into the cell. The glucose transporter might be overloaded if mycobacterias are present and as a result shut down.
The same sort of NO/cGMP system functions in the liver for the break down of fatty acids.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12632570 If cGMP levels are constantly high this could cause the fatty acid liver disease.
Note that Nitric oxides role has been considered but that the reason for a disfunction at this step has not been found. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878261
Mycobacterias use cGMP for quorum sensing to communicate about the growth of the biofilm mycobacteria colony size. It seems logical that a mycobacteria infection would cause cGMP pathways to become disrupted. This hypothesis paper analyzes mycobacterias cause as a possible cause of cGMP linked diseases including type2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.
Hypothesis
Mycobacterias cause type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by secreting cGMP into the bloodsteam of the host.
Evaluation of Hypothesis
Tuberculosis has a long history of association with type 2 diabetes and has recently been discovered to be linked to non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Both type 2 diabetes and non alcoholic fatty liver disease can be connected to cGMP in their pathways of normal function. Mycobacterias like tuberculosis use quorum sensing to communicate and the molecule they use is a type of cGMP. The hypothesis is that the cGMP made by the mycobacteria disrupts the normal cGMP processes of the host causing high cholesterol through fatty liver disease and insulin resistance by disrupting the glucose transporter.
Resveratrol, which has been shown to activate cGMP, has also been shown to decrease the amount of fat in the liver in cases of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Does the normal cGMP inside the cell down regulate if the mycobacteria has flooded the bloodstream with cGMP? Does fatty liver disease cause high cholesterol?
The glucose transporter of all of our cells has a plasma membrane cGMP stimulation that occurs after insulin raises NO levels in cells. Is there less internal cGMP to turn the transporter on if bloodstream cGMP is high? Is this state what causes the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes?
Both type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been connected to obesity.
However, Type 2 diabetes is not always associated with obesity because for obesity to be caused by the mycobacteria the immune system must be engaged and producing TNF-alpha.
THF-alpha is part of the immune response against mycobacterial infections and separately TNF-alpha is how the host's body maintains the proper about of adipose tissue. If the immune system is over engaged for too long against mycobacterias the body would have unusually high leptin levels favoring more adipose tissue....obesity.
If the host's immune system has chosen to calm down or doesn't fight the mycobacterias then high cholesterol and type 2 diabetes could exist without obesity because these are caused not by TNF-alpha but by the cGMP. The cGMP from the mycobacteria can cause the fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes in a person who would appear healthy and not obese.
The finding of high levels of alpha-synuclein in the blood of type 2 diabetes patients, parkinson's patients brains, and some Crohn's patients guts connect it to cGMP too. In fact cGMP was found to increase the levels of alpha-synuclein.
High cGMP could prevent the normal stimulation of glucose transport of cells and the breakdown of fatty acids while simultaneously dumping synuclein where the mycobacterias are growing because of the same cGMP.
Bipolar disorder has a strong association with type 2 diabetes too. Could bipolar disorder be a cGMP disorder too? The SERT transporter which moves serotonin has been shown to be altered by cGMP levels. Or is bipolar a separate autoimmune disease triggered by the combination of mycobacterias and cmv virus?
Also note that Testosterone levels appear to be altered.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23797822?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn
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