il-18 aka IFN gamma inducer: do mycoplasmas infect the ER?

il-18 aka IFNgamma inducing factor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9551984

il-18 is the mannose cytokine

il-18 increases tlr4 and the mannose receptor
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/236839/

When a bacterial infection like strep occurs which has mannose as part of it's coat IFNgamma is  also produced..in low quantities.  High levels are made with ER viral infections.

Mannose is on the surface of mycoplasmas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16041047

Consider also that Mannose is added to proteins in the ER and golgi complexes.

Mannose-lectin pathway of innane immune system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16041047

Mycoplasmas...might actually be hiding in the ER of cells?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4844719

Antibodies locating mycoplasmas to the ER
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02535.x/full

"Immunofluorescence colocalization of mycoplasma-induced autoantibodies with antibodies to calnexin (Fig. 6) and Bip (binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, data not shown"

Mycoplasmas increase the release of calcium from ER stores
http://iai.asm.org/content/70/5/2502.full

If mycoplasmas are in the ER this would explain how mycoplasmas trigger IFNgamma like polyomaviruses.


When the body has a viral infection of the ER, like polyomaviruses,  IFNgamma is increased.

TLR8 (ER ) increase il-18
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26928328

mycoplasmas in the ER have been connect to rheumatoid arthritis which is also connected to il-18

RA and il-18
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC409841/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15168150

endoplasmic reticulum stress in RA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890471/