Core Changes 2017: Viruses involved must make it to the cell's nucleus to interact with DNA not all viruses do. Removes the flu viruses and enteroviruses as suspects as cytosolic viruses. Adding the relationship of Hervs and viruses. Please see newer document.
Title: “We are what we eat” Do our cancer cells wear in high numbers the receptors the viruses used to infect them? Does Co-carcinogenesis explain most cancers?
Title: “We are what we eat” Do our cancer cells wear in high numbers the receptors the viruses used to infect them? Does Co-carcinogenesis explain most cancers?
Abstract: Cancer cells
appear to express the receptors that reveal the virus that triggered their
cancerous tumor growth. This hypothesis supports Co-carcinogenesis as the
cause of cancer.
This paper will go through several
types of cancer looking at the patterns of receptors on tumors, of the cancers
that tend to appear together, and looking for the viruses that have been
isolated from tumors. The most likely carcinogen for each cancer will be examined for viral polymerase inhibiting ability.
Introduction:
Francis Peyton Rous
challenged the oncology world first when he suggested that cancers did not
spontaneously occur but could be triggered by something in a contagious way.
Unbeknownst to him he was working with the Rous Sarcoma virus. (when the
virus was discovered it was named after him) He could see that he was
transferring some agent from one chicken to another and triggering the
tumors. The oncology world seemed to believe that this was strictly a
chicken pattern. Unsuccessfully he alone attempted to isolate viruses
from mammalian tumors for years.
In 1933 fellow
researcher Richard Shope isolated HPV from mouse tumors. They now had a
mammalian virus. Fervently Rous and his coworker Friedewald studied the
HPV virus attempting to prove that it triggered the tumors in mammals.
Their hypothesis Co-carcinogenesis got them the Nobel prize in 1966.
Co-carcinogenesis suggests that it
is the synergistic actions of a virus and a carcinogen together on a host cell
that causes cancer. Both must be present. However the evidence of viruses
can rarely be found in cancer cells. In petridishes viruses and carcinogens
have been shown to produce cancer cells. Perhaps because they are merely
the triggers of cancer acting only at the beginning. The oncology world
has decided that only 20% of cancers are involved with viruses because they could
not find viruses in the tumors but what if they had been there at the start and
the receptors expressed reflect that.
Based on what we know of tumors, viruses,
and receptors this paper will attempt to show that Rous and Friedewald’s
Co-carcinogenesis could explain most of the cancers we deal with today.
Hypothesis: Cancer cells
express receptors that reveal the virus that triggered their cancerous tumor
process. Carcinogens are present that can inhibit the viral polymerases. This hypothesis supports Co-carcinogenesis as the cause of
cancer.
Evaluation of Hypothesis:
Viruses are now known to make proteins
that interact with the telemores which are the ends of our chromosomes. The
condition of the telomeres, how frayed or pristine, determines how many times
the chromosomes can be copied. Viruses are therefore making our DNA, the
cookbooks of our cells, immortal and open for use. Carcinogens, such as
benzene and phenols, are now known to have multiple actions including
inhibiting polymerases which are the DNA readers. Viruses typically make
their own polymerases which have a stronger affinity for binding in order to
compete with the host's polymerase. Now imagine them coexisting as
Co-carcinogenesis suggests. The DNA has been opened up but the viral
polymerases are inhibited by the carcinogen and a cancer cell has been created.
Is this possible? The virus when it enters a cell uses a specific
receptor thus stimulates the production of more of those specific receptors to
be made. It is my contention that when we look at the cancerous tumors
they will be over expressing the receptor which tells us which virus triggered
them. So let's look at a few cancers and see.
Breast cancer has 2 types. An
estrogen receptor and non estrogen receptor type. Interestingly enough 2
viruses have been isolated from breast cancer; the HPV virus and the
Epstein-barr virus. The Epstein Barr virus is likely using estrogen
receptors.
In adrenal cells alpha-estrogen
receptors cycle to the nucleus which would allow herpes viruses to interact
with the nucleus but in nerves the beta-estrogen receptors cycle to the
mitochondria. Herpes viruses are known to hide in the mitochondria of
nerves and to travel down the nerves riding in the mitochondrias like little
cars thus explaining how shingles spreads down nerves. Using the estrogen
receptor would explain how the herpes virus ends up in different locations and how they are able to evade the immune system for extended periods of time. In Breast cancer the herpes virus would be
carried to the nucleus by the estrogen receptor and if a carcinogen was there cause cancer. A virus in the mitochondria does not cause cancer. This is why viral polymerase inhibitors can be given to patients with shingles without causing cancer but this is not true for herpes infections in other cell types like glial cells. Stroke has been show to be linked to shingles perhaps because the virus has reached those cells. We also find that the best oncolytic virus for glioma are herpes simplex viruses. Is this because the gliomas are wearing estrogen receptors too?
If the herpes virus Epstein-barr
triggers the estrogen receptor tumors of breast cancer then the HPV virus
could be the trigger of the other type of breast cancer tumor. Triple negative
estrogen receptor breast cancers have been found to contain HPV. Inhibition of cannabinoid receptors has shown to inhibit tumor growth of some breast cancer cells. Are there high levels of cannabinoid receptors on these tumors?
Cannabinoids inhibited cervical cancer cells migration, a known HPV cancer. Interestingly enough cannabinus oil has also been a suggested remedy for non-melanoma cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancer has associations with HPV. Non-melanoma skin cancer has increased cannabinoid receptors. Triple negative receptor breast cancers and cervical cancers should be examined for increased cannabinoid receptors.
For the two types of breast cancer we can connect 2 types of viruses but an increase in receptors is only known for the herpes and estrogen type. Can we now connect a specific carcinogen to breast cancer?
Cannabinoids inhibited cervical cancer cells migration, a known HPV cancer. Interestingly enough cannabinus oil has also been a suggested remedy for non-melanoma cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancer has associations with HPV. Non-melanoma skin cancer has increased cannabinoid receptors. Triple negative receptor breast cancers and cervical cancers should be examined for increased cannabinoid receptors.
For the two types of breast cancer we can connect 2 types of viruses but an increase in receptors is only known for the herpes and estrogen type. Can we now connect a specific carcinogen to breast cancer?
The carcinogen has to collect at the target tissue which in this case is the breast. Heptachlor which was an insecticide of the 1980s and is still currently used on fire ants has been found to collect in the breast. Since heptochlor is not metabolized it merely collects increasing in concentration until the virus is caught. Organochlorides have been suspected of triggering breast cancer but studies seem to indicate the mere collection of the compounds do not cause cancer. However Co-carcinogenesis could explain the data. Chlorine has been shown to inhibit adenovirus DNA synthesis. If chlorine inhibits the polymerase of the viruses found in the breast which are HPV and Herpes Zoster then it is highly likely that heptachlor and the other organochlorides do too.
Another cancer associated with heptachlor is prostate cancer. If we look at prostate cancer we find 2 types there too. An estrogen receptor form triggered by a herpes virus and a melanocortin receptor form. What virus uses the melanocortin receptor? The flavivirus called chikungunya virus has been isolated from prostate tumors. Prostate cancer patients have an increased risk of melanoma, skin cancer. Melanoma cells over express melanocortin receptors too. Interestingly most people who have been bitten by a mosquito carrying west nile or other flaviviruses do not realize they are infected. Flaviviruses could be the cause melanoma. It is not clear if these melanocortin receptors have been increased in the tumors of prostate cancers but they have been associated with an increased proliferation of the cancer cells.
Let's look at bone cancers. Each type of bone cancer has already been associated with a specific virus. Ewings has been associated with CMV and Epstein barr. Interestingly Ewings has also been associated with the hormone swings of pregnancy which would elevate estrogen levels. As herpes viruses they would be using estrogen receptors and the tumors would have increased estrogen receptors. Chondrosarcoma has also been associated with estrogen receptors but as a bone cancer of the facial region the prime suspect should be herpes simplex one.
Osteosarcomas are the most common type and largest group of
bone cancers with a higher rate in African males. Polyomaviruses which includes hepatitis B, the JC virus, mouse
polyomavirus, the rous sarcoma virus of chickens, sv40, and the murine FBJ
virus have been associated with bone cancers. The JC virus being of African origin is found in slightly higher rates in african americans. Can JC be found in osteosarcomas? Simian virus 40 specifically has been found in dozens of osterosarcomas. SV40 infected cells have increased serotonin receptors too. JC virus was proven to use serotonin receptors which begs the question, do the serotonin receptors increase with all polyomaviruses? Canine osteosarcomas have increased expression of serotonin receptors. Serotonin receptors have also been described as immortalized on osteosarcomas. Note that gangliosides were originally considered serotonin receptors and that SV40 uses them. Although gangliosides might be used to gain access to cells they do not appear to increase in cancers. Polyomaviruses could be using a serotonin like ligand to gain access to cells but only the serotonin receptor is apparently increased.
Spindle cell sarcoma has already
been documented and accepted to be caused by the Rous sarcoma virus. Rous sarcoma viruses are a type of retrovirus. Retroviruses have also been associated with gangliosides as receptors. The fact we can see a
possible pattern, association of a virus, with each type of bone cancer is
suggestive. It would be interesting to see if spindle cell sarcomas have increased serotonin receptors.
Cadmium is the possible carcinogen for bones it collects at the growth tip of the bones and has strong associations with the cancer. Further because teen boys tend to grow rapidly and taller than girls they would have more cadmium added which could explain why they have higher rates of bone cancers. Occupations dealing with cadmium have higher rates of osteosarcoma and heavy metal implants have been found associated with sarcomas. Cadmium is found in cigarettes, and cigarette smoke. Cadmium can be found with fertilizers and in Africa the cadmium has been found to contaminate the hot chocolate of Africa because of this. Cadmium has also been found in shellfish and oysters in high levels which could explain the clusters of cases in the northeast coast. Toxic levels of cadmium were also dumped into Tampa Bay in 2011 and there are clusters there too. Osterosarcoma case clusters should appear near high cadmium areas. Cadmium can inhibit DNA polymerases directly. This fits with our theme of a carcinogen present at the site which can inhibit the viral polymerases.
Cadmium is the possible carcinogen for bones it collects at the growth tip of the bones and has strong associations with the cancer. Further because teen boys tend to grow rapidly and taller than girls they would have more cadmium added which could explain why they have higher rates of bone cancers. Occupations dealing with cadmium have higher rates of osteosarcoma and heavy metal implants have been found associated with sarcomas. Cadmium is found in cigarettes, and cigarette smoke. Cadmium can be found with fertilizers and in Africa the cadmium has been found to contaminate the hot chocolate of Africa because of this. Cadmium has also been found in shellfish and oysters in high levels which could explain the clusters of cases in the northeast coast. Toxic levels of cadmium were also dumped into Tampa Bay in 2011 and there are clusters there too. Osterosarcoma case clusters should appear near high cadmium areas. Cadmium can inhibit DNA polymerases directly. This fits with our theme of a carcinogen present at the site which can inhibit the viral polymerases.
How about pancreatic cancer? There
are 2 types of pancreatic cancer, exocrine and endocrine.
Endocrine cells secrete enzymes into the bloodstream whereas exocrine cells secrete into the intestine. The exocrine form is the most common so this must be a common virus. There seem to be multiple types of endocrine cancers which might match up with the different viral infections.
First the endocrine pancreatic cancers such as Insulinoma, Glucogonoma, and gastrinoma duct tumors.
Coxsacke, an enterovirus, has been found in Insulinomas. Enteroviruses might be using acetylcholine receptors to infect based on their association with acute flaccid paralysis and acetylcholine secretion. Mouse insulinomas were found expressing in high number nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Endocrine cells secrete enzymes into the bloodstream whereas exocrine cells secrete into the intestine. The exocrine form is the most common so this must be a common virus. There seem to be multiple types of endocrine cancers which might match up with the different viral infections.
First the endocrine pancreatic cancers such as Insulinoma, Glucogonoma, and gastrinoma duct tumors.
Coxsacke, an enterovirus, has been found in Insulinomas. Enteroviruses might be using acetylcholine receptors to infect based on their association with acute flaccid paralysis and acetylcholine secretion. Mouse insulinomas were found expressing in high number nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Serotonin producing endocrine cancers appear to be triggered by a polyomavirus. Pancreatic duct blocking endocrine tumors have been associated with serotonin secretion and these same tumors have had Hepatitis B viruses isolated from them. Hepatitis B as a polyomavirus could be using the serotonin receptors. Called gastrinomas, these endocrine tumors should be analyzed for serotonin receptors. Gastrinomas over lap with other parathyroid cancers. Hepatitis B can infect the parathyroid as well as the liver.
Glucagonomas have been associated with necrolytic migratory erythema. Glucagonomas have somatostatin receptors expressed. Merkel cells have been connected with a new polyomavirus and also have somatostatin receptors expressed. Necrolytic migratory erythema has also been connected to hepatitis B, another polyomavirus. Are glucagonomas triggered by merkel polyomaviruses or a similar polyomavirus?
Glucagonomas have been associated with necrolytic migratory erythema. Glucagonomas have somatostatin receptors expressed. Merkel cells have been connected with a new polyomavirus and also have somatostatin receptors expressed. Necrolytic migratory erythema has also been connected to hepatitis B, another polyomavirus. Are glucagonomas triggered by merkel polyomaviruses or a similar polyomavirus?
The most common pancreatic cancer, adenocarcinomas are the exocrine pancreatic cancers. Looking at the rest of the exocrine pancreatic
tumors they appear to be over expressing dopamine receptors on their surfaces. Can the flu virus be found in adenocarcinomas? This is not known. The flu virus which has also been accused of triggering type one diabetes seems
to be using the dopamine receptors. Diabetes increases the risk for developing pancreatic cancer and why has been unclear. If viruses trigger diabetes they could also be there to trigger cancer. Patient history of both diabetes and alcoholism increases the likelihood of pancreatic cancer even more.
2/3 of pancreatic cancers occur in alcoholics. Alcohol does inhibit polymerases and could easily inhibit a viral polymerase. The other pancreatic carcinogen could be N-nitros also known as nitrates or nitrites in foods. Highly processed foods like meat, cheese, and beer have high quantities and it's impact has been questioned. Viral polymerases can be inhibited by nitrogen oxides which nitrates and nitrites are and this feature fits with the co-carcinogen hypothesis. The influenza replication has been halted by nitric oxide in mouse models. So does this mean people with the flu should not have processed meats because of the pancreatic cancer risk? Alcohol is the more likely carcinogen candidate.
When we look for carcinogens of the brain the alcohol and benzodiazepine are the most likely candidates. Again, alcohol can and does inhibit polymerases contributing to the stunting of growth and likely inhibits viral polymerases if they are there. Benzodiazepine which is an anxiety medication can be absorbed into the fats in the brain when in high concentrations. Benzodiazepine has be proven to inhibit the polymerases of Hepatits C specifically. The benzene ring of the these medications could be what inhibits the viral polymerases when alcohol is not involved. This is a side effect of an anxiety drug.
Acyclovir is a medicine prescribed for it's ability to inhibit the polymerase of herpes viruses and is currently used as a treatment to stop viral infections. There are cases where herpes encephalitis was diagnosed, acyclovir was prescribed and then the patient was discovered to have gliomas tumors. The question is were they misdiagnosed or did the viral infections become high grade glioma tumors. Acyclovir is not consider carcinogenic because when fed to rats and mice log term no tumors developed. What if the rats had herpes infections at the same time? The reason that acyclovir does not cause cancer in shingles patients has to do with where the virus is. Herpes viruses use estrogen receptors. The estrogen receptors of nerves cycle to the mitochondria and use the mitochondria's little DNA. Cancer only occurs when the virus is at the nuclear DNA which is the huge cookbook. In the breast or in the glial cells of the brain acyclovir would be a carcinogen and should never be used in those cases.
Gliomas, brain cancers of glial cells, are also associated with Alzheimer's disease. If some forms of Alzheimer's are due to a herpes virus infecting and destroying a neuron's mitochondria then gliomas would the herpes virus infecting the nucleus of the glial cells when the carcinogen such as nitrates was there. The overlap of the gliomas and Alzheimer's is the herpes virus. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis has been found in glioma patients. Cmv has also been connected to gliomas especially in children. Herpes zoster has been connect to gliomas too. With all the connections to herpes viruses it is not surprising that some gliomas express estrogen receptors.
Meningiomas, the brain cancers of the meninge cells, are associated with polyomaviruses like sv40. Menigiomas have somatostatin receptors not estrogen receptors expressed.
As for my original carcinogen example of simple benzene, it has been associated with Leukemia when consumed, which means it goes to the bone marrow. Viruses that infect the bone marrow like respiratory syncytial virus have been associated with the disease too. Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have often been exposed to RSV in the first nine to 12 months of life. Was it a combination of RSV and benzene exposure? Benzene appears in the waste water of fracking and could be contaminating the well waters of people living near them.
Respiratory syncytial virus, measles and mumps as paramyxoviruses could be using Nectin 4 as a receptor to enter cells. Ovarian cancer has over expressed Nectin 4 receptors. Interestingly enough measles was once considered to be protective against ovarian cancer. Is this because a paramyxovirus actually infects the ovary triggering the ovarian cancer? Inflammation of the ovary is a symptom of the measles, which makes sense because it has Nectin 4. Could measles vaccines as a paramyxovirus protect against the RSV?
The carcinogen of ovarian cancer is asbestos or talc powder. The asbestos fibers were found in the ovaries and fallopian tubes in addition to asbestos workers having increased rates of ovarian cancer. The association of talc has not been proven but is suspected.
2/3 of pancreatic cancers occur in alcoholics. Alcohol does inhibit polymerases and could easily inhibit a viral polymerase. The other pancreatic carcinogen could be N-nitros also known as nitrates or nitrites in foods. Highly processed foods like meat, cheese, and beer have high quantities and it's impact has been questioned. Viral polymerases can be inhibited by nitrogen oxides which nitrates and nitrites are and this feature fits with the co-carcinogen hypothesis. The influenza replication has been halted by nitric oxide in mouse models. So does this mean people with the flu should not have processed meats because of the pancreatic cancer risk? Alcohol is the more likely carcinogen candidate.
When we look for carcinogens of the brain the alcohol and benzodiazepine are the most likely candidates. Again, alcohol can and does inhibit polymerases contributing to the stunting of growth and likely inhibits viral polymerases if they are there. Benzodiazepine which is an anxiety medication can be absorbed into the fats in the brain when in high concentrations. Benzodiazepine has be proven to inhibit the polymerases of Hepatits C specifically. The benzene ring of the these medications could be what inhibits the viral polymerases when alcohol is not involved. This is a side effect of an anxiety drug.
Acyclovir is a medicine prescribed for it's ability to inhibit the polymerase of herpes viruses and is currently used as a treatment to stop viral infections. There are cases where herpes encephalitis was diagnosed, acyclovir was prescribed and then the patient was discovered to have gliomas tumors. The question is were they misdiagnosed or did the viral infections become high grade glioma tumors. Acyclovir is not consider carcinogenic because when fed to rats and mice log term no tumors developed. What if the rats had herpes infections at the same time? The reason that acyclovir does not cause cancer in shingles patients has to do with where the virus is. Herpes viruses use estrogen receptors. The estrogen receptors of nerves cycle to the mitochondria and use the mitochondria's little DNA. Cancer only occurs when the virus is at the nuclear DNA which is the huge cookbook. In the breast or in the glial cells of the brain acyclovir would be a carcinogen and should never be used in those cases.
Gliomas, brain cancers of glial cells, are also associated with Alzheimer's disease. If some forms of Alzheimer's are due to a herpes virus infecting and destroying a neuron's mitochondria then gliomas would the herpes virus infecting the nucleus of the glial cells when the carcinogen such as nitrates was there. The overlap of the gliomas and Alzheimer's is the herpes virus. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis has been found in glioma patients. Cmv has also been connected to gliomas especially in children. Herpes zoster has been connect to gliomas too. With all the connections to herpes viruses it is not surprising that some gliomas express estrogen receptors.
Meningiomas, the brain cancers of the meninge cells, are associated with polyomaviruses like sv40. Menigiomas have somatostatin receptors not estrogen receptors expressed.
As for my original carcinogen example of simple benzene, it has been associated with Leukemia when consumed, which means it goes to the bone marrow. Viruses that infect the bone marrow like respiratory syncytial virus have been associated with the disease too. Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have often been exposed to RSV in the first nine to 12 months of life. Was it a combination of RSV and benzene exposure? Benzene appears in the waste water of fracking and could be contaminating the well waters of people living near them.
Respiratory syncytial virus, measles and mumps as paramyxoviruses could be using Nectin 4 as a receptor to enter cells. Ovarian cancer has over expressed Nectin 4 receptors. Interestingly enough measles was once considered to be protective against ovarian cancer. Is this because a paramyxovirus actually infects the ovary triggering the ovarian cancer? Inflammation of the ovary is a symptom of the measles, which makes sense because it has Nectin 4. Could measles vaccines as a paramyxovirus protect against the RSV?
The carcinogen of ovarian cancer is asbestos or talc powder. The asbestos fibers were found in the ovaries and fallopian tubes in addition to asbestos workers having increased rates of ovarian cancer. The association of talc has not been proven but is suspected.
There is not enough evidence to
prove that cancers wear the receptors that the viruses used to infect them but
there is enough to investigate the possibility. With luck this will prove
Co-carcinogenesis and we can prevent cancer with vaccines. Assuming we figure
out how to make vaccines for all of these viruses. One can only hope.
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