Sunday, February 26, 2017

Infected macrophages, TNF alpha, mast cells, and Neutrophils

M. fermatans infection lowers TNF alpha 60%
http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v11/n11/full/4401482a.html

RA has anti-TNFalpha

TNF alpha is released by macrophages when they are infected

Mycoplasmas, mycobacterias, and viruses do infect macrophages. (in the case of RA mycoplasmas are the suspects)

The mast cells respond to TNF alpha from infected macrophages with histamine and il-8 secretions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22502799

the histamine secreted by the mast cells induce exocytosis by macrophages
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/166/6/4083.full.pdf
(sort of requesting them to throw-up what they have and let the neutrophils take over)

the il-8 calls the neutrophils which are smaller than macrophages and are not APC

the tiny multilobed nucleus of the neutrophils barely function
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25727365

Since the macrophages keep getting infected themselves the Neutrophils replace them. Neutrophils lack the complete transcriptional and translational machinery which in theory prevents the infection from using the cells resources. (limited functions) Hopefully trapping the infections inside if not destroying them.

Unfortunately this lac of DNA also means that the neutrophils are unable to be APC (antigen presenting cells)






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