Togaviruses and Flaviviruses relationship to melanocortin receptors (ZIKA)

Togavirus family viruses once included Flaviviruses but differences in the viral sequences causes them to be separated out renamed.

The question is : Do Togaviruses use melanocortin receptors like the flaviviruses ? They are so similar they were lumped together for years.

I have suggested that cancer cells wear the receptor used by the virus that started them.  For melanoma the west nile virus using a melanocortin receptor was being considered.

The Togavirus Semliki Forest virus has been found infect a high percent of melanoma cells
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849565

Is this ironically because togaviruses like flaviviruses use melanocortin receptors? Does this virus have a high infection rate because of the family relation to the virus that started it?

Looking at the flaviviruses and melanocortin receptors

West nile can infect kidney cells...MR3 or MR4?

Dengue can infect thyroid and embryonic cells...MR5 ?

Zika....ACTH which is the MR2 ?

The virus has a strong match with one receptor and a weak match with others receptors in the same  receptor family


If you look at the tissues expressing the receptors and west nile infecting you can see patterns:

 westnile: skin, kidney, prostate, substantia nigra

note that pigments have been found in prostate cells and substantia nigra

there is a type of renal cell carcinoma that has been found containing pigment (kidney cancer cell)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938559/

antivirals and flaviviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918146/

ACTH, the placenta...and Zika

I have been hypothesizing that flaviviruses use melanocortin receptors.

melatonin protecting against flavivirus infection through competition with the receptors?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962057

The ACTH receptor is the melanocortin2 receptor.

Zika was found in the amniotic fluid
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3451984/Zika-cross-placenta-infect-unborn-babies-Traces-virus-amniotic-fluid-surrounding-two-fetuses-diagnosed-microcephaly.html

ACTH and the placenta

Placenta makes ACTH
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v254/n5501/abs/254620b0.html

placenta transports ACTH
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jcem-39-3-440

Are there ACTH receptors on the placenta? yes
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jcem-39-3-440
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781985

Note that Zika might be using the ACTH receptors
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/01/does-zika-virus-use-melanocortin.html

Zika was found in placenta tissue
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506e1.htm

since the placenta is made up of trophoblast cells one would think that zika would infect the trophoblast cells but the mouse model trophoblasts cells did not get infected?? i am trying to find the actual research paper because this doesn't sound right
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160405161124.htm

Apparently the Zika can get into the placenta cells but they don't replicate there.

Note that the placenta cells contain a specific inhibitor of mammalian retroviral RNA-directed DNA polymerase  (these are not retroviruses but it is not unfathomable that other similar inhibitors are present)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC319194/

 Does Zika there move just like ACTH through the placenta? does the hormone ACTH have a fast route?


So as an autoimmune blog how is this relevant ? Zika can trigger guillian barre through cross-targeting.
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/01/is-guillian-barre-caused-by-autoimmune.html

rethinking the quorums of mycobacterias: cGMP and GBL

This blog has been focusing on the patterns of diseases. In the process of elucidating autoimmune disease it has become apparent that certain infections maybe involved and the communication they use to talk disrupts the human body.  The microbes' quorum messes up our body's systems.  These quorum signals match some of our own body's signals.

The first leap of faith that you have to realize is that we could have unwanted infections in us that are not severe enough to make us ill but are living off us parasitically.

Xanthomonas normally infect plants like peppers but seem to appear after bone surgeries.  Mycobacterias can be a non tuberculosis type infecting the the skin.

Streptomyces and mycobacteria are similar
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/19880345/?i=5&from=/19079351/related

Quorum sensing of Streptomyces and mycobacteria
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748050/#!po=35.0679

Summary: there are 2 main quorums :
γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and c-di-GMP 

GBL seems to be the morphololgy/ sexual reproductive quorum while cGMP seems involved the biofilm population size.

I have looked at butyrolactone before with Fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and Pituitary tumors because Xanthomonas  uses it as a quorum.  Butyrolactone is quickly converted to GHB then into GABA which would over stimulate the pituitary causing tumors and cause nerves to be targeted. 
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/02/fibromyalgia-is-it-autoimmune-no-right.html

When the pituitary acts up the levels of plasma calcium would go up and that could explain the calcium deposits found with mycobacteria: frozen shoulder, CPPD, and kidney stones.
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/03/mycobacterias-and-calcium-deposits.html

cGMP connects mycobacterias to fatty acid liver disease and type 2 diabetes because the glucose transporter uses cGMP and so does the pathway of breaking down fatty acids.  
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/12/mycobacterias-possible-connection-to.html

How do we tell streptomyces, xanthomonas, and mycobacteria apart? if they make both quorums? Xanthomonas tend to appear after surgeries, mycobacterias are connected to specific diseases like psoriasis, parkinson's, and crohn's......what is streptomyces connected to? is it rare?

Staph, uric acid, and Gout ?

Real gout is uric acid (not CPPD which is calcium deposits)

mycoplasma and gout?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188210

gout and septic arthritis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26170377
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3902298

uric acid and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/11/26/rheumatology.keq388.full

http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/9/1466.abstract?ijkey=48769b25c35571fca3e0f4b26fe51950ca807a73&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Staph and gout
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20977804

eczema and  uric acid
http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=534273

Gout and staph in the septic arthritis
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/9/1062.long

eczema and cardiovascular risk
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579484

uric acid and cardiovascular disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684330/

note that septic shock involves a drop in blood pressure

Staph is an interesting infection. It will choose to live in existing biofilms. Joining fungal or mycoplasma infections in addiction to living on it's own.

The question is : Does staph cause gout?

IS staph a Lactic Acid bacteria where they digest sugar and secrete lactic acid?
only with NO

Lactic Acid and staph
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080324113258.htm

Lactic Acid secreted in high levels from an infection would disrupt uric acid.

note that we can see this with MARSA too

marsa and necrotizing fasciitis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407055

gout and necrotizing fasciitis
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/4/518.abstract

Mycobacterias and calcium deposits ?

Large joints and mycobacterias

Tuberculous and joints
http://www.ijri.org/article.asp?issn=0971-3026;year=2009;volume=19;issue=3;spage=176;epage=186;aulast=De

Lung tuberculous and high plasma calcium in patients
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2625586/

Frozen shoulder in parkinson's
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/pd/2015/232958/

Frozen shoulder and type 2 diabetes and type 1??
http://ard.bmj.com/content/55/12/907.full.pdf

Frozen shoulder from calcium deposits in the joint
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18281224

psoriasis and chondrocalcinosis
http://www.rheumatologynetwork.com/osteoarthritis/arthritis-patient-severe-psoriasis-narrowing-differential

CPPD can be mistaken for Gout
http://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Diseases-Conditions/Calcium-Pyrophosphate-Deposition-CPPD

my older post looking at Gout and CPPD
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2013/10/gout-and-mycobacteria.html

Does the mycobacteria quorum of cGMP cause this calcium issue or does the mycobacteria cause it in a different way? what is going on ?

tuberculosis weakens the smooth muscles perhaps through the high levels of cGMP

https://books.google.com/books?id=_x-Aa15TR5AC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=tuberculosis+smooth+muscle&source=bl&ots=D_G8DR6iqw&sig=FQ_GTbu-kjeMnTvOAUa-uIrZphM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwuaep8rvMAhVCs4MKHQG7DwoQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=tuberculosis%20smooth%20muscle&f=false

cGMP favors relaxed smooth muscles
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP026.htm

Tau bodies compared to Lewy bodies: Tau from aspergillus and alpha-synuclein from mycobacteria

If aspergillus is producing aflatoxin and causing the tau protein lewy bodies then when aspergillus exists in the intestine one should have nerve issues and tau there.

Earlier post connecting tau to aspergillus
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/03/microtubule-disease-issues-aflotoxin.html

Having IBS increase the chances of having nerve damage
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070423185730.htm

Restless leg syndrome and IBS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3479257/

Small fiber neuropathy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086960/

neuropathy compared to restless leg syndrome
http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/the-waiting-room/restless-legs-syndrome-neuropathy-differences/article/402886/

Which does it cause: RLS or a type of neuropathy?

If aspergillus causes one type of colitis which type has nerve damage?

Intestinal ganglioneurmatosis (damaged nerves and the presence of TAU protein)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10837617_Intestinal_ganglioneuromatosis_diagnosed_in_adult_patients

diffuse intestinal ganglioneurmatosis mimicking crohn's ??? does it not look like colitis ?
http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/ajr.182.5.1821166

a crohn's with polyps ? this type does exist..
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3691406
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12031089
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3717497

RLS and asperger's

http://apps.elsevier.es/watermark/ctl_servlet?_f=10&pident_articulo=13154274&pident_usuario=0&pcontactid=&pident_revista=295&ty=99&accion=L&origen=zonadelectura&web=www.elsevier.es&lan=es&fichero=295v25n06a13154274pdf001_2.pdf

note that in the book "my asperger soul" the writer found that he had hundreds of colon polyps

https://books.google.com/books?id=Gy7Hys5XXIMC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=asperger%27s+polyps&source=bl&ots=ERrhdAtsoB&sig=eYbYg4hGGC80pZENAqhjO3Iqk2Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2tsTYnsvLAhWLzoMKHaFPAU0Q6AEITzAJ#v=onepage&q=asperger's%20polyps&f=false

lewy body dementia and restless leg: dopamine medication helped both?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24528871
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22849331

autopsy of RSL showed no TAU or lewy bodies ? I would have thought it would be there
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197711

aflatoxin and dopamine
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20744418_Effect_of_repeated_dietary_exposure_of_aflatoxin_B1_on_brain_biogenic_amines_and_metabolites_in_the_rat

no TAU on brain or spinal with RLS?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197711

Note that there are 4 types of frontal lobe dementia and for TAU proteins we are looking at a specific one.

Semantic dementia: "the loss of words" Which has been strongly linked to viral infections

Behavioral variant FTD:  which has the loss of social behavior, conduct, and impulse control. Which has been linked to Pick's disease where Tau proteins form Lewy bodies.

Progressive nonfluent aphasia FTD:  which involves speech production, stuttering, and apraxia. This form has been linked to blood clots creating a stroke

The 4th type is connected with ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Aflotoxin like compounds are made by some other dermatophytes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1170494
specifically T.concetricum

Guam has high rates of ALS
https://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/25/geront.gnu072.full.pdf

Looking at other lewy body brain diseases like parkinson's one realizes that the content of the lewy body is different.

Parkinson's had alpha-synuclein in their gut (a different type of lewy body) as well as in the brain
http://www.livescience.com/36354-parkinsons-disease-colonoscopy-diagnosis.html

alpha-synuclein has also been found in the blood of type 2 diabetes
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12081

alpha-synuclein is also found in multiple sclerosis which could involve mycobacterias
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19151622

cGMP increases the amount of alpha-synuclein
http://eurekamag.com/research/034/334/034334017.php

cGMP and synuclein (functional connections)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18064424
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17610578

Parkinson's, type 2 diabetes, fatty acid liver disease, crohn's, and psoriasis were previously connected to Mycobacterias on this blog.  The quorum of mycobacteria is cGMP. (which on  a previous blog post was connected to type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease)

Thus the alpha-synuclein seen in these cases could be caused by the high concentraiton of cGMP made by mycobacterias as they attempt to talk to each other.

Aflatoxin as a carcinogen: is ALS and Asperger's connected?

Hypothesis: Co-carcinogenesis is a virus in the same cell as a carcinogen which acts as a polymerase inhibitor.

The virus opens the DNA of the host but because the viral polymerase has a stronger binding affinity the carcinogen switches from binding the host's polymerase to binding the viral polymerase.

A Cancer stem cell is thus created by  the DNA opened and made eternal by a virus and the host polymerase freed from the carcinogen.

Aflatoxin alone does not cause cancer: it acts with a virus.

aflatoxin can inhibit polymerases
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC244025/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6162844
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1271329/?page=1

aflatoxin and EPV co-carcinogenesis causing Burkitt's lymphoma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26424750

aflatoxin and hepatitis causing heptocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26759504


Which means that ALS or Asperger's/picks disease patients have higher rates of liver cancer.

Asperger's could be connected to aspergillus. ALS could be connected to  trichophyton concentricum. (which makes an aflatoxin like compound)

My earlier blog looked at aflatoxin's connection to the Tau protein diseases Pick's and ALS. Pick's i connected with Asperger's.  Aflatoxin in addition to inhibiting polymerases binds microtubules.

http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/03/microtubule-disease-issues-aflotoxin.html

Could the non alcoholic mallory bodies of asperger's or ALS patients actually be the liver form of tau bodies created by aflatoxin?

Do people with asperger's and ALS have aflatoxin associated cancers in high rates?

asperger's and Burkitt's lymphoma
http://eugenedailynews.com/2012/09/child-with-aspergers-faces-new-fight-against-cancer/

Lymphoma and ALS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1996882


asperger's and lymphoma???
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdK6F5ACD8UC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=lymphoma+asperger%27s&source=bl&ots=aeeqPrcZt6&sig=8zZUDnK_3PIXDssNqHdgt6EKH5I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV48jKo8HLAhWDnIMKHaOrAecQ6AEIWTAJ#v=onepage&q=lymphoma%20asperger's&f=false

Aflatoxin has also been shown to effect the functioning of the hypothalamus
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26141519

Seizures seem to be strongly connected to the hypothalamus and cross-targeting there between and infection and enteroviruses
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/01/nodding-disease-epilepsy-seizuresare.html


Could the seizures seen in Asperger's be caused by aflatoxin acting on the hypothalamus? Does Aflatoxin replace the in inner or outer infection in the cross-targeting causing the seizure?

Thrombosis and infections

This blog post is attempting to sort the types of thrombosis and figure out which one leads to CAPS

Mycoplasmas and Thrombosis (deep vein and pulmonary embolism of lungs)

SLE or rhematoid arthritis and deep vein/ pulmonary
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24472157
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926057

Thrombosis and SLE with rheumatoid arthritis, or Beçhet’s disease
http://www.natfonline.org/media/22695/july09_metjian_ortel.pdf


Mycobacteria and Thrombosis (deep vein/heart)

Thrombosis and type 2 diabetes
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pdi.1960160813/abstract

"deep vein thrombosis" and type 2 diabetes
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521408011877


Strep and thrombosis (surface clotting)

sinus thrombosis and strep
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14691601

ovarian vein thrombosis and strep
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/405871_4


Campylobacteria/sutterella and Thrombosis

Caps and the back of the brain
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crihem/2014/704371/

cerebral vein thrombosis and Guillain barre
http://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(08)00748-1/abstract

Gait/guillain barr and the involvement of the brain in thrombosis
http://www.turner-white.com/pdf/hp_jul01_antibody.pdf

note that guillain barre is cross-targeting autoimmunity with a virus (flu or flaviviruses)
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/01/is-guillian-barre-caused-by-autoimmune.html



Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
less than one percent develop CAPS
many patients who develop this have lupus...mycoplasmas

Hemolytic anemia has already been linked to mycoplasmas
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/988873
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/577971

child started with TMHA and subsequently developed CAPS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495358/

hemolytic anemia and caps
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784445
http://ard.bmj.com/content/63/6/730.full
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049017212001370


ALS and Thrombosis

Venous Thromboembolism and ALS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032202/

Ischemic colitis and ALS
(no blood flow to intestine due to a clot)

I was considering the ALS form of clotting as caused being unable to move...but maybe there is more here.

microtubule disease issues: aflatoxin, ALS, Pick's disease , and tau proteins are some how linked

Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that binds to microtubules and possibly causes the tau proteins to become phosphorylated.

Tau stabilizes the microtubules (railroad tracks) that the mitochondrias move on. Apparently when they, Tau proteins, are phosphorylated the mitochondrias can't move.

Both Pick's disease and ALS have nerve damage through microtubule dysfunction and increased Tau protein phosphorylation.

Pick's disease has  been connected to frontal lobe dementia which has been found with Asperger's disease .

Aspergillus makes aflatoxin: ALS suspect makes an aflatoxin like compound

T.concetricum makes an aflatoxin-like compound: Pick's disease

Tau protein as a marker for ALS
https://ftd.med.upenn.edu/uploads/media_items/phosphorylated-tau-candidate-biomarker-for-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis.original.pdf

Tau and phosphorylation under starvation
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579307001068

Is this to stop the mitochondria from moving when food is scarce?

Earlier blog post connected ALS to Trichophyton concetricum and then looked at the aflatoxin-like compound it can secrete as the reason for the nerve death in ALS.
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/02/tyrosol-as-quorum-of-trichophyton.html

phosphorylation of tau and mitochondrial dysfunction in alzheimer's
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936615

Aflatoxin damages the mitochondria
http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/7851

Aflatoxin like compounds are made by some dermatophytes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1170494
specifically T.concetricum

Guam has high rates of ALS
https://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/25/geront.gnu072.full.pdf

Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia and phosphorylated tau proteins accumulate in the front temporal lobe

ALS associated protein found in Pick's disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888880

Phosphorylated tau as a marker for ALS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492862

Tau and the mitochondria
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872849

aflatoxin and reduced growth
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/4/556.full

ALS and higher cancer rates
http://ecancer.org/news/7450-higher-incidence-of-cancer-among-patients-with-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis.php

polymerase stimulation by microtubule associated proteins : tau included
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1742279

aflatoxin inhibits polymerase indirectly by binding chromatin
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3128406
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2419004

ALS and microtubule breakdown theory
http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2015/02/cellular-highway-breaks-down-in-als

als and microtubules..genetic?

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01505.x/asset/j.1471-4159.2003.01505.x.pdf?v=1&t=ilbs1xxy&s=3327c88bf2325881a0efd564c1d92ffa84dbcd02

A microtubule theme seems to be developing.  The aflatoxin like toxin that the trichophyton secretes in ALS must be acting on the microtubules.

overlap of Frontal lobe dementia and ALS with a non tau but other genetic link
http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=785491

Could it be that picks's disease is associated with aflatoxin from an aspergillus infection of the frontal lobe while ALS is trichonphyton's aflatoxin like compound?

People with asperger's get pick's disease at higher rates?

Aspergillus and frontal lobe
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520548
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01808927#page-1

Locations of aspergillus infections
http://www.turner-white.com/pdf/hp_apr99_aspergill.pdf

aspergillus and it's quorum might connect to asperger's
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2016/02/aspergillus-quorum-is-oxylipins-could.html

asperger's and frontal lobe dementia
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379728/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267505/
http://www.aspergerpartner.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Does-ASD-get-worse-with-with-age.pdf