There are 3 types of B regulatory cells (all with CD38 like T regs)
The ones created from naive B cells, possibly in the bloodstream could be involved in cancer.
These B regs secrete TGF-b1 and il-10 focusing the reaction on CTL pathways. Nuclear viral infections have been connected to cancer.
Bregs and cancer
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2014/215471/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891151/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5549607/
I suspect il-9 involvement with these B regulatory cells but I have found no evidence yet.
The ones created from marginal zone B cells with IgM BCRs may focus the immune system like natural T regs. These Bregs secrete il-10 and il-35 focusing the reaction on outer antigens. (do they have cd27+ because of the IgM?)
il-33 activates B1 and marginal zone B cells
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/186/4/2584
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012142/
il-33 is released by cells during necrosis (cells damaged and dying). il-33 also stimulates Th2 pathway cells like: eosinophils mast cells, and basophils. This makes sense in that when the tissue is damaged, like a cut, there is a risk of infection.
The ones created from cd27+ plasma cells in the germinal center region which stops the reactions similar to inducible T regs.
il-35 Bregs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433835/
Hypothesis:
il-10 stops TH1 pathways (cytosol antigen)
il-35 stops CTL pathways (nuclear or mito antigen)
TGF-b1 stops TH2 pathways (outer antigen)
Corrected...some how I had this mixed up
The ones created from naive B cells, possibly in the bloodstream could be involved in cancer.
These B regs secrete TGF-b1 and il-10 focusing the reaction on CTL pathways. Nuclear viral infections have been connected to cancer.
Bregs and cancer
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2014/215471/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891151/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5549607/
I suspect il-9 involvement with these B regulatory cells but I have found no evidence yet.
The ones created from marginal zone B cells with IgM BCRs may focus the immune system like natural T regs. These Bregs secrete il-10 and il-35 focusing the reaction on outer antigens. (do they have cd27+ because of the IgM?)
il-33 activates B1 and marginal zone B cells
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/186/4/2584
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012142/
il-33 is released by cells during necrosis (cells damaged and dying). il-33 also stimulates Th2 pathway cells like: eosinophils mast cells, and basophils. This makes sense in that when the tissue is damaged, like a cut, there is a risk of infection.
The ones created from cd27+ plasma cells in the germinal center region which stops the reactions similar to inducible T regs.
il-35 Bregs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433835/
Hypothesis:
il-10 stops TH1 pathways (cytosol antigen)
il-35 stops CTL pathways (nuclear or mito antigen)
TGF-b1 stops TH2 pathways (outer antigen)
Corrected...some how I had this mixed up
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