Sunday, December 24, 2017

Hypothesis: When a second popping is needed when fighting an infection Th17 and Tc17 are created

Bacterial infections can move inside of host cells and hide. Viral infections can further hide inside of organelles. When these states occur a second popping must occur in order to expose the infections.

Two types of 17 cells exist.

Th17 (the hiding bacteria)

dendritic cells produce il-23 when calling macrophages

Bcells produce il-12 to stimulate Th1, il-6 to stimulate Th17, and il-15 to stimulate Tc

il-23 together with il-6 activate Th17 cells

Th17 cells produce il-17F/F and il-17A/F

Hypothesis: mycobacteria triggers il-17F by hiding in the cytosol of host cells . While mycoplasmas which hide in organelles trigger il-17A


Tc17 (the hiding virus)

Tcells interacting with Bcells through the HLA and Tcellreceptor produce il-4 and il-21

TLR 7/9  (butterfly nets triggered by DNA) produce TGF-beta1 
these TLRs identify mitochondrial or nuclear viruses

il-21 with TGF-beta1 triggers Tc17

Tc17 cells produce il-17A/A ad il-17A/F


Tc17 expresses il-17A/A and Th expresses more il-17F/F
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/182/3/1237


note:

il-33 stimulates Th2 (inflammation pathway)

il-33 during fungal infections suppresses some T17 pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28784844

Does a fungal infection increase il-26  at times? il-26 is the pore cytokine which would help break a fungal infection down


Sunday, December 10, 2017

21 Medical Hypotheses

1. Allergy hypothesis: Allergies reveal the infections we have.  Severe allergies and infections can be matched up: peanut and Staph, bee and T.gondii, daisy and Clostridium, poison ivy and spirochetes. If an infection can be killed by a compound or inhibited by the compound our immune system sees the interaction and we associate all the compounds present with the infection.  If an infection makes a pigment from a compound we will react to that too.  For example aflatoxin with peanuts could cause staph to counter respond.  Our immune system would identify everything there at the scene of the crime as part of the infection.

2. Quorum hypothesis: Infections talk using quorums and these quorums interfere with our body's pathways. ( for example mycobacteria's cGMP causes such things as type 2  diabetes, high cholesterol, and synuclein bodies)

3.. Autoimmune cross-targeting hypothesis:  The Cross-targeting of simultaneous infections on one tissue, one infection inside and one infections outside, triggers autoimmunity.  Antibodies or chemicals/drugs can replace one of the infections.  By antibodies I mean even those triggered by vaccines.  For example a flu virus inside of the pancreas and e.coli latching on to the outside could trigger type one diabetes.

4. Co-carcinogenesis: a virus and a carcinogen together cause cancer. Taking Francis Peyton Rous’ hypothesis further, the carcinogen is a polymerase inhibitor which binds the viral polymerase with higher affinity. Thus the DNA methylation state has been changed but the virus is no longer viable.  DNA damage does not cause most cancers, the interaction of carcinogens and viruses do.  Further these cancers wear the receptors that the virus that triggered it used to enter and the characteristics of the cancer will be from the receptor's pathways.

5. Barrier crossing infections are ones that can cross the intestine or the blood brain barrier causing gluten sensitivity with the hole they leave behind. This explains the gluten sensitivity of Schizophernia from T.gondii, Celiac disease from e.coli, Tourettes from staph, and crohn’s from mycobacteria.

6. Viral families use receptor families. Influenzas use dopamine receptors. HPVs use Cannabinoid receptors. Herpes viruses use estrogen and estrogen-like receptors. Flaviviruses use melanocortin receptors. Polyomaviruses use serotonin receptors.

7. Aflatoxin like compounds cause tau bodies.  ALS and picks disease are caused by different infections but both have tau.  Both infections secrete an aflatoxin like compound.  Vitamin D is protective against it because aflatoxin uses the vit D receptor.

8. Pituitary tumors are caused by an infection releasing butyrolactones which interfere with normal GABA signals and cause the immune system to confuse nerves with the infection. (or someone taking too many GHB sleeping pills)

9.  The receptors used by a virus when triggering autoimmunity cause pathways to be activated which makes the various types of one autoimmune disease.  There are 3 types of schizophrenia which match up with the 3 receptors use by the 3 herpes viruses. (sort of a continuation of 6)

The receptor pathway triggered by a virus involved in an autoimmune disease can cause symptoms of the disease that will be distinct. Example:  The 3 types of schizophrenia has all 3 herpes virus families and each receptor activated can be matched to symptoms.  Estrogen-related receptor and disorganized symptoms for example.  3 receptors used equals 3 types of schizophrenia

10. Alzheimer's disease is caused by damage to the mitochondria: alpha-herpes family, diacetyl, inherited and linked to down syndrome, or radiation damaged mitochondria.

11. Postural orthostatic tachycardia could be caused by reoviruses and the adrenergic receptors they bind.

12.  The HLAs are mailboxes for T cells from different areas of the cell. HLA-A is the nuclear mailbox. HLA-B is the mitochondria's mailbox. HLA-C is the endoplasmic reticulum's mailbox. HLA-DR is the cytosol's mailbox for RNA viruses. 

HLA-DQ is the cytosol's mailbox for non-encapsulated viruses there. HLA-DP is the plasama membrane mailbox?

The TLR 7 / 9 butterfly nets for DNA in the mitochondria and nucleus trigger TGF-B1 which causes B cells to express MHC1 which are the HLA-A and HLA-B.


13. Carcinogens use certain receptors to get into cells which matches them up with specific cancers.

14. TLRs, toll like receptors, are the innane immune system of nets catching conserved molecules in a non specific way but identifying the region as well as general type of infection. Like HLAs they exist in the different areas of the cell.  When the internal viral seeking TLRs are activated the IFN matches the region they are in thus the appropriate HLA is produced helping to find the exact culprit.

15. TLRs send IFNs which tells infected cells to express the corresponding HLAs and macrophages to wear the corresponding TAMs (hands to grab infected cells) TAMS: tyro T , axl A , mer M

Golgi           TLR3      IFN lamda   HLA-D               Tyro3
Nucleus/ Mito    TLR7/9   IFNalpha    HLA-A HLA-B   Mer
Endoplasmic R   TLR 8     IFNgamma HLA-C                 Axl

( Cytosol       TLR4    IFNbeta which is not an endosome tlr and carried out by Fibroblasts for bacterial infections that enter host cells )

  Because an infected ER means little gets to the surface of a host cell the Natural killer cells step in here and secrete IFNgamma. (note that low levels of IFN gamma is secreted to favor MHC2)

Cytosolic viruses go through the golgi before exiting which is why they trigger TLR3.

16. Nuclear viruses awaken embryonic Hervs.  They do so by methylating or demethylating DNA.  If the virus family demethylates the cancer will be aggressive while the methylating viruses are slow growing.  (Cancer occurs when a carcinogen inhibits the viral polymerase..so the virus opens the DNA up but can't use it)

17. Bacterial infections will hide inside of host cells like viruses. Hypothesis:  Like the IFN cytokines there should be cytokines that signify where in the host cell they are hiding.  Mycoplasmas nest inside the ER, chlamydia hide in vacuoles, salmonella hide in the golgi, and mycobacteria sit in the cytosol.   The cytokines seem to match up the features of an infection family with where they hide inside.  

For example infections that use modulins tend to move into vacuoles when infecting the host so TLR2 triggers il-23 which then (in hypothesis 20) triggers TGF3 which repairs vacuoles.

18. Could there be 4 different types of asthma caused by different infections which could be diagnosed using cytokine patterns and the allergies present in the host.

19.  The problem concerning autism and vaccines could be solved if autism is viewed as an autoimmune disease.  The autoimmune cross-targeting hypothesis when applied to autism reveals there could be 3 different types of autism:

Group Flu and RA : frontal lobe autism
Group DTP (tetanus) and HHV6 : temporal lobe autism
Group MMR and sutterella/ campylobacteria: cerebellum autism

Two of these have been linked to vaccines the MMR and the DTP.

Combining the notion that viruses use receptors to enter cells with the notion that "parts" of a virus can set off autoimmunity on the tissue one can only conclude that what is contaminating vaccines setting off autoimmunity are the tiny pieces the virus uses to bind the receptors.  Running vaccine solutions through binding columns of the receptors could "clean " the vaccine of the one piece that triggers the autoimmunity.

20. TGF-Beta has been linked to both embryogenesis and cancer as well as the immune system.  The area an infection could be damaging causes a specific TGF-B to repair the area. First the TLR butterfly net is triggered by the infection.

TLR9 or TLR7 trigger TGF-B1 which stimulates the mitochondria,

 TLR2 triggers TGF-3 because the infections that use vacuoles tend to be the same ones that use modulins, 

TLR-6 which binds lipoproteins found on gram positive bacteria and mycobacterias which divide in the cytosol triggers TGF-b2 which encourages Tcells to check the cytosol of cells,

 finally TL3 of the golgi triggers TGf-B4.  TGF-B4 stimulates growth of the golgi.

21. T helper17 and Tc17 cells are involved in second pops.  When does this happen? When large infections move inside of host cells or viral infections are hiding inside of the mitochondria or nucleus. When the viruses are not visible in the cytosol or ER which would be visible when the host cell is popped. Thus a "second popping" must occur.






Wednesday, December 6, 2017

Analyzing the overlap of endometriosis and ulcerative colitis

If endometriosis is connected to ulcerative colitis?  How and why? (updating 2018)

Link of endometriosis and ulcerative colitis and crohn's?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332310
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=152823
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184069

 C.sordellii releases an acid like h.pylori, does this cause the ulcers of ulcerative colitis?

C. diff not C.sordellii? isolated from colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/700321
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/625309
http://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/63/745/955.full.pdf
http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(79)90345-7/abstract

specialized uterine NK cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17100884/

estrogen controls the migration of these uNK cells and it's secretion of CCL2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498222/

Estrogen and the immune system: estrogen must drop for fertilization to occur
http://www.encognitive.com/node/3776

If Estrogen is kept high is that because a bacteria exists in the area and the immune system wants to keep uNK active?

il-22 and endometriosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24133578

il-22 is the vacuole popping cytokine released by th17

il-22 and C.diff
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367575

c.diff in vacuoles
http://iai.asm.org/content/77/12/5478.full


endometriosis cytokines: CCL8 (which is il-8)  ,CCL2(mcp-1), CCL5 (RANTES)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24287816

CCL2 induces angiogenesis (blood vessel growth)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888027
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265030

il-8 is the " bacteria released a TOXIN" cytokine? calling the neutrophils?

il-8 is known at the neutrophil chemotactic factor

neutrophils are critical for the early response against these types of pathogens

immune responses during toxic shock syndrome/ toxins
http://iai.asm.org/content/81/5/1751.full
http://iai.asm.org/content/77/3/1182.full

il-8 and h.pylori
http://iai.asm.org/content/73/3/1523.abstract
c.diff toxins and il-8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9435559
shiga toxin from e.coli and il-8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531258

C.sordelii does release a toxin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC415707/

CCL5 is a chemoattractant calling Eosinophils (histamine release) Basophils and T helper cells
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ccl5

CCL5 aka RANTES causes the inflammation

TLR4 and clostridium
http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002076

TLR4 and endometriosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596029

TLR4 binds lipopolysaccharides of bacteria : cytokines it can release IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CCL2 
http://www.jbc.org/content/289/4/2457.full

c.diff cytokines:  IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040718/

Ulcerative colitis and chamomile/daisy allergy: the natural remedy

endometriosis and ragweed allergy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22369407




Wednesday, November 29, 2017

Attempting to match up the TLRs of bacterial infections with the TGF-betas: added TGF-beta5

So which TLRs trigger the the TGF-Bs?  The location and the behavior of the bacterias determine which TLR

Are TGF-betas triggered to repair a damaged organelle?

TLR 7/9 and TGF-B1 : mitochondria bacteria

TLR9 stimulant produced TGF-B1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536167

TGF-B1 and mitochondria
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444292/ 
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jcp.20753

TLR9/7 and TGF-B1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372299/


TLR2/1  and TGF-B3 : Vacuole bacteria

TLR2 which senses modulins (staph example)
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12304

These bacterias, like staph, if they move into cell do so through vacuoles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417557/

lysteria and TLR2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC375211/

TLR2 triggers  il-23 and TGF-B3 (assuming vacuole damage)


TLR2/6 with TLR4 and TGF-B2: cytosolic bacteria

TLR6 bind lipoproteins found on gram positive bacteria like strep or mycobacterias

cytosolic replication of strep in macrophages
http://mbio.asm.org/content/7/2/e00020-16.full

lipoproteins on mycobacterias
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539077

there is a cytosolic sharing between Tcells and cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813479/

TGF-B2 is high expressed by fibroblasts interacting with cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27880067/

Does TLR6 trigger il-22 and TGF-B2?

TLR
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/9/3683.full.pdf

mycobacteria triggers: tlr2 tlr6 tlr4

synergism of tlr2 tlr6 and tlr4....causes TNF alpha
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428561

TNF alpha means the immune system is infected

TLR3 and TGF-B4 : golgi bacteria

salmonella and il-24
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19830736

salmonella infects the golgi

salmonella trigger tlr3 and tlr4

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295503655_Salmonella_Suppresses_the_TRIF-Dependent_Type_I_Interferon_Response_in_Macrophages

Does tlr3 trigger il-24 and TGF-B4 ? as well as IFN beta and HLA-D?


note that the golgi and melanoma are linked
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/30/9/2326

melanoma cell death, il-24 and IFN-beta are linked
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511292


What about the ER? Mycoplasmas hide there....can this link to TGF-beta5 ?
TLR2/6

Mycoplasmas trigger TLR2 and TLR6
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613965/

tlr2 with tlr6 trigger IFNgamma then CXCL10 (in cancer cells)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25765738

CXCL10 is the IFNgamma inducing cytokine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL10

When a virus infects the ER we have already linked il-8 with IFNgamma

Obviously your immune system has already learned that the combination of tlr2 and tlr6 means something that likes to hide in the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Does ER stress trigger the TGF-beta5 pathway?

ER stress and TGF-beta pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5247721/

The ER is intimately involved with the calcium fluxes in neurons
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543098

In amphibians TGF-beta5 has been linked to neurogenesis
http://www.jbc.org/content/265/2/1089

which makes sense if the ER's ability to flux calcium is so involved with neuron function

Can we link the TLR2 with TLR6 with TGF-beta5?

Brucella abortus also hides in the ER
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9826346?dopt=Abstract

tlr6 with tlr2 detects Brucella infections
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460520

Validating the pattern





Looking at TGF beta when there are bacterial infections inside the cell

Looking at TGF beta for bacterial infections inside the cell: Is this growth factor for repairing the damaged organelle? Or fighting cancer?

il-17 TGF-B1 mito/nuclear infections (il-17a?)

il-23 TGF-B3 vacuoles infections

il-22 TGF-B2  cytosol infections or cancer (cytosolic exchange with T cells)

il-24 TGF- B4 golgi infection and neurulation?

Mitochondrial respiration and TGF-b1
http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2012/12/04/jbc.M112.431973.full.pdf

TGF-B1 and the appearance of the mitochondria
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/aja.1002030304/asset/1002030304_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=jal68y40&s=122ea55960ca0b6d4b21a9aad0428cf0f75d6f47&systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+24th+November+2017+at+21%3A00+EST+%2F+02.00+GMT+%2F+10%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+25th+Nov+for+SGT+

TGF-B1 and DNA repair
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12384514

male infertility and TGF-b3
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep17151

spermhead vacuoles and fertility debate
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/927841/

Chlamydia which infects in a vacuole triggers TGF-B3
http://iai.asm.org/content/81/12/4583.full.pdf

Tcells,  tumors, and the cytosol : there is an exchange of cytosol content
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078558

cytosolic viruses increase TGF-B2
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.29319/abstract
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4583434/

il-22 is produced by cancer associated fibroblasts
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4134496/

Does mycobacteria which infects the cytosol increase TGF-B1 and  TGF-B2 ?

increased expression of the receptors in Tuberculous
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641657

Salmonella infects the golgi

Salmonella and TGF-B4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25935756

TGF-B4 higher in muscles and nerves
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1304823

How much golgi exists in nerves and muscles? Is there a lot which is why the golgi was discovered in nerves?

So...T17 cells secrete cytokines: il-17a, il-23, il-22, il-24 which can stimulate repair in the areas infected through the linked TGF-beta?





Monday, November 27, 2017

20 Medical Hypotheses

1. Allergy hypothesis: Allergies reveal the infections we have.  Severe allergies and infections can be matched up: peanut and Staph, bee and T.gondii, daisy and Clostridium, poison ivy and spirochetes. If an infection can be killed by a compound or inhibited by the compound our immune system sees the interaction and we associate all the compounds present with the infection.  If an infection makes a pigment from a compound we will react to that too.  For example aflatoxin with peanuts could cause staph to counter respond.  Our immune system would identify everything there at the scene of the crime as part of the infection.

2. Quorum hypothesis: Infections talk using quorums and these quorums interfere with our body's pathways. ( for example mycobacteria's cGMP causes such things as type 2  diabetes, high cholesterol, and synuclein bodies)

3.. Autoimmune cross-targeting hypothesis:  The Cross-targeting of simultaneous infections on one tissue, one infection inside and one infections outside, triggers autoimmunity.  Antibodies or chemicals/drugs can replace one of the infections.  By antibodies I mean even those triggered by vaccines.  For example a flu virus inside of the pancreas and e.coli latching on to the outside could trigger type one diabetes.

4. Co-carcinogenesis: a virus and a carcinogen together cause cancer. Taking Francis Peyton Rous’ hypothesis further, the carcinogen is a polymerase inhibitor which binds the viral polymerase with higher affinity. Thus the DNA methylation state has been changed but the virus is no longer viable.  DNA damage does not cause most cancers, the interaction of carcinogens and viruses do.  Further these cancers wear the receptors that the virus that triggered it used to enter and the characteristics of the cancer will be from the receptor's pathways.

5. Barrier crossing infections are ones that can cross the intestine or the blood brain barrier causing gluten sensitivity with the hole they leave behind. This explains the gluten sensitivity of Schizophernia from T.gondii, Celiac disease from e.coli, Tourettes from staph, and crohn’s from mycobacteria.

6. Viral families use receptor families. Influenzas use dopamine receptors. HPVs use Cannabinoid receptors. Herpes viruses use estrogen and estrogen-like receptors. Flaviviruses use melanocortin receptors. Polyomaviruses use serotonin receptors.

7. Aflatoxin like compounds cause tau bodies.  ALS and picks disease are caused by different infections but both have tau.  Both infections secrete an aflatoxin like compound.  Vitamin D is protective against it because aflatoxin uses the vit D receptor.

8. Pituitary tumors are caused by an infection releasing butyrolactones which interfere with normal GABA signals and cause the immune system to confuse nerves with the infection. (or someone taking too many GHB sleeping pills)

9.  The receptors used by a virus when triggering autoimmunity cause pathways to be activated which makes the various types of one autoimmune disease.  There are 3 types of schizophrenia which match up with the 3 receptors use by the 3 herpes viruses. (sort of a continuation of 6)

The receptor pathway triggered by a virus involved in an autoimmune disease can cause symptoms of the disease that will be distinct. Example:  The 3 types of schizophrenia has all 3 herpes virus families and each receptor activated can be matched to symptoms.  Estrogen-related receptor and disorganized symptoms for example.  3 receptors used equals 3 types of schizophrenia

10. Alzheimer's disease is caused by damage to the mitochondria: alpha-herpes family, diacetyl, inherited and linked to down syndrome, or radiation damaged mitochondria.

11. Postural orthostatic tachycardia could be caused by reoviruses and the adrenergic receptors they bind.

12.  The HLAs are mailboxes for T cells from different areas of the cell. HLA-A is the nuclear mailbox. HLA-B is the mitochondria's mailbox. HLA-C is the endoplasmic reticulum's mailbox. HLA-DR is the cytosol's mailbox for RNA viruses. HLA-DQ is the cytosol's mailbox for non-encapsulated viruses there. HLA-DP is the plasama membrane mailbox.

13. Carcinogens use certain receptors to get into cells which matches them up with specific cancers.

14. TLRs, toll like receptors, are the innane immune system of nets catching conserved molecules in a non specific way but identifying the region as well as general type of infection. Like HLAs they exist in the different areas of the cell.  When the internal viral seeking TLRs are activated the IFN matches the region they are in thus the appropriate HLA is produced helping to find the exact culprit.

15. TLRs send IFNs which tells infected cells to express the corresponding HLAs and macrophages to wear the corresponding TAMs (hands to grab infected cells) TAMS: tyro T , axl A , mer M

Cytosol              TLR3      IFNbeta      HLA-D               Tyro3
Nucleus/ Mito    TLR7/9   IFNalpha    HLA-A HLA-B   Mer
Endoplasmic R   TLR 8     IFNgamma HLA-C                 Axl

  (because an ER infected means little gets to the surface of a cell Natural killer cells step in here and secrete IFNgamma)


16. Nuclear viruses awaken embryonic Hervs.  They do so by methylating or demethylating DNA.  If the virus family demethylates the cancer will be aggressive while the methylating viruses are slow growing.  (Cancer occurs when a carcinogen inhibits the viral polymerase..so the virus opens the DNA up but can't use it)

17. Bacterial infections will hide inside of host cells like viruses. Hypothesis:  Like the IFN cytokines there should be cytokines that signify where in the host cell they are hiding.  Mycoplasmas nest inside the ER, chlamydia hide in vacuoles, salmonella hide in the golgi, and mycobacteria sit in the cytosol.  

18. Could there be 4 different types of asthma caused by different infections which could be diagnosed using cytokine patterns and the allergies present in the host.

19.  The problem concerning autism and vaccines could be solved if autism is viewed as an autoimmune disease.  The autoimmune cross-targeting hypothesis when applied to autism reveals there could be 3 different types of autism:

Group Flu and RA : frontal lobe autism
Group DTP (tetanus) and HHV6 : temporal lobe autism
Group MMR and sutterella/ campylobacteria: cerebellum autism

Two of these have been linked to vaccines the MMR and the DTP.

Combining the notion that viruses use receptors to enter cells with the notion that "parts" of a virus can set off autoimmunity on the tissue one can only conclude that what is contaminating vaccines setting off autoimmunity are the tiny pieces the virus uses to bind the receptors.  Running vaccine solutions through binding columns of the receptors could "clean " the vaccine of the one piece that triggers the autoimmunity.

20. TGF-Beta has been linked to both embryogenesis and cancer as well as the immune system.  The area an infection could be damaging causes a specific TGF-B to repair the area. First the TLR butterfly net is triggered by the infection.

TLR7 or TLR4  trigger TGF-B1 which stimulates the mitochondria, TLR2 triggers TGF-3 because the infections that use vacuoles tend to be the same ones that use modulins, TLR-6 which binds lipoproteins found on gram positive bacteria and mycobacterias which divide in the cytosol triggers TGF-b2 which encourages Tcells to check the cytosol of cells, finally TL3 of the golgi triggers TGf-B4.  TGF-B4 stimulates growth of the golgi.


Friday, November 24, 2017

Cytokine families

The functionality of cytokines becomes obvious when they are organized into groups.

Type one cytokines work primarily at the Hematopoiesis and these can be divided into 3 groups:

Cytokines using beta chains, cytokines using gamma chains, and the GP130 cytokines.

The development from myeloid progenitor cells involves the beta chain cytokines;

the development from lymphoid progenitor cells involves the gamma chain cytokines;

 and the GP130 cytokines are powerful regulators.  GP130 cytokines control neutrophils,

macrophages, natural killer cells, the "on switches or launch codes" for B cell development il-4 and

il-12, and the  "on switch " for either Treg or TH17 cells.

cytokine receptor family review
http://www.sinobiological.com/Cytokine-Families-Cytokine-Family-a-5797.html

The GP130 Family: il-6, il-11, and TGF-beta

il-6 monocytes to macrophages
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10848814

il-6 controls il-4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2196041/

il-11 stops the macrophages from producing il-12
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11940481

il-11 and Nk development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499555

TGF beta and TH17
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-9371-7_3

(TH17 can be started by il-6 or TGF-beta1 but it is my hypothesis that different cytokines result )

GP130
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein_130

il-10 is the stop cytokine

il-10 stops pg130 cytokines (neutrophils macrophages and NKs)

il-10 stops T FH cells from secreting il-4 and il-21 which stops the GC from producing B cells

 il-10 and gp130
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22140267


Cytokines using Beta chains: il-3, il-5, GM-CSF are all on the myeloid side

Cytokines using Gamma chains: il-2, il-7, il-15, il-21, il-4, il-9  are all on the lymphoid side


The il-1 family cytokines and Chemokines

When an infection occurs the first cytokine made by macrophages and monocytes is the  il-1 family cytokines.

il-1 family cytokines trigger cells to cytokine rain. This produces massive amounts of chemokines.

il-1 induces fibroblasts to produce chemokines which are attractant proteins.

il-1 also induces the expression of adhesion proteins so the arriving immune system knows where to stick.


The IFN family cytokines 
These cytokines identify where inside the host cell the virus is hiding and coordinates the immune response attack. Which HLA to express and which TAM hands to wear.

cytosol            TLR4     IFNbeta      HLA-D               Tyro3
Nucleus/ Mito    TLR7/9   IFNalpha    HLA-A HLA-B   Mer
Endoplasmic R   TLR 8     IFNgamma HLA-C                 Axl
Golgi               TLR3 IFN lambda


The il-20 Family Cytokines: the H+ pore cytokines il-20, il-19, il-24, and il-26 ? this hypothesis is still being tested

il-26 and pore structure...and TLR9
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=il-26+pore

The TH17 cells are involved with the second popping.

il-23 and il-6 trigger Th17 secreting cytokines against hiding bacteria: il-24 the golgi and il-22 the vacuoles.

(dendritic cells secrete il-23 after TLR4 stimulation and B cells secrete il-6 after TLR4 stimulation which is two sources of verification. )

When the virus is hiding in the nucleus or the mitochondria these organelles must be opened in order for the virus to be seen.

il-21 is made by Tcd8+ cells exposed to il-6  and TGF-B1 ( secreted when the mitochondria and nuclear TLR 9/7  of cells are triggered) cause Th17 to secrete il-19 the mitochondria and il-26 the nuclear pore.

Summary:
 il-24 golgi
il-22 vacuoles
il-19 mitochondria ?
il-26 nuclear membrane  (or extra cellular bacteria)

is il-20  the plasma membrane?

il-24 salmonella in the golgi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19830736    il-24 salmonella
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC204495/  Salmonella and golgi

il-22 inhibited autophagy
http://www.ijbs.com/v08p0249.htm

autophagy is required for hyper mucus production
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671423
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044763/

Is il-19 the mitochondria and il-26  the nucleus?
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2018/02/il-19-is-mitochondrial-pore-il-26-is.html



 il-18 is the ER which means the cells have lost their self proteins and can be attacked like an infection but still need the TH17 because the infection is hiding in the ER.



il-35 is the complete stop cytokine, one level up from il-10, this cytokine stops inflammation as well as the immune reaction.  The key cytokine of Treg and Breg suppressing reactions. 

il-35 is secreted by T regulatory and is required for their function
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008395/

il-35 and B regulatory cells
https://f1000.com/prime/718289707
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674917314343

il-35 stops th17
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874423 

This Th17 section with the hiding infections is a hypothesis and needs to be proven.

Monday, November 13, 2017

4 possible types of asthma from fungal, mycobacteria, staph, and H.pylori infections?

Mycobacteria Asthma

SERT and cGMP
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656393
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/40/10878.full

bipolar and type 2 diabetes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22621171

bipolar, metabolic disorder, and autoimmune disorder
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237732

older post with 2 types of bipolar:
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2015/07/is-bipolar-disorder-autoimmune-disorder.html

CMV with schizophrenia and bipolar..is this bipolar 1 which is autoimmune while the mycob. is not?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24083998

Mycobacteria's cGMP : asthma, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome

cGMP and asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6258958

 asthma and metabolic syndrome
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25789301

high cholesterol and asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754527

cGMP is inhibited at night
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/20/7543.full.pdf

Is this the nighttime asthma?

Fungal Asthma

Baker's asthma and rhinitis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0009847440

female athletes were found to have worse asthma when the cycle had high progesterone which effects smooth muscles

https://books.google.com/books?id=HY9PiQL3kQMC&pg=PA394&lpg=PA394&dq=exercise+induced+asthma+thyroid&source=bl&ots=ahNvkskYXH&sig=BBdmHlRXtcEbwh7UTKaFdsgaBcE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFsOSal4fKAhUB6WMKHRPDBDsQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=exercise%20induced%20asthma%20thyroid&f=false

vitamin D and p450
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564710

p450 causes vasodilation issues

exercise in cold air normally induces vasodilation

vit D and exercise asthma
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47755411_Serum_vitamin_D_levels_and_exercise-induced_bronchoconstriction_in_children_with_asthma

asthma, hypothyroid, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866647

Second generation anti-histamines are substrates or modulators of p450

Are fungal infections the cause of exercise induced asthmas?


Staph asthma

eczema was connected to indoor allergies

is this the aspirin sensitive asthma?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564710

note that staph does not like aspirin
http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/winter03/html/vs_aspirin.shtml

the quorum of MARSA is phenol-soluble modulin (not in normal staph)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol-soluble_modulin

high phenols where found in the urine of asthma patients but were assumed to be that of pesticides
http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAAAI/37516

phenols induce vasodilation...red wine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967426

 chronic urticaria can also be triggered by aspirin and has good response to second generation antihistamines

Aspirin induced asthma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin-induced_asthma

Samters triad: asthma, polyps, aspirin allergy


H. pylori/ Campylobacteria with asthma or it really COPD ?

COPD increases the risk of infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534156
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175903

gerd (gastric reflux ) and asthma
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/expert-answers/asthma-and-acid-reflux/faq-20057993

asthma and COPD overlap
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712010
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283854

GERD and COPD
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574848/

COPD and h.pylori? questionable
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261373/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733502

h.pylori and adult onset asthma (it is protective in children)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-017-2972-1

COPD and peptic ulcers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348540
https://www.jwatch.org/jg201203090000003/2012/03/09/copd-associated-with-increased-risk-peptic-ulcer

smoking and peptic ulcers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3053883

smoking, peptic ulcers, and H.pylori
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958211

H.pylori and bronchitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565595

Fish allergy
Tree nut allergy not involving peanuts : walnuts, pecans
Cat hair allergy

almond milk and GERD
http://www.aaaai.org/ask-the-expert/food-reaction-gerd

Pine nut oil as a cure for peptic ulcers
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/get-rid-peptic-ulcers-good-pine-nut-oil-janice-rosenthal/

http://www.sacredearthnetwork.net/group/medicinewheelnaturesremediesandrecipeslotionsandpo/forum/topics/siberian-pine-nut-oil-how-a-folk-remedy-found-its-way-into-scient

Does h.pylori and campylobacteria not like something in tree nuts?

Bacteria ulcers are a common fish problem.  Could this cause the fish allergy somehow?


ataxia and GERD
https://www.ehealthme.com/cs/gerd/ataxia/

ataxia, h.pylori and Stomach problems
https://healthunlocked.com/ataxia-uk/posts/134618233/ataxia-stomach-problems-and-lycopene

could this cause the fish allergy?

histamine fish poisoning ???
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1009464-overview

h.pylori and histamine ????
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC496809/






Follicular dendritic lymphoma and Co-carcinogenesis

Co-carcinogenesis: a virus and a carcinogen together cause cancer. Taking Francis Peyton Rous’ hypothesis further, the carcinogen is a polymerase inhibitor which binds the viral polymerase with higher affinity. Thus the DNA methylation state has been changed but the virus is no longer viable.  DNA damage does not cause most cancers, the interaction of carcinogens and viruses do.  Further these cancers wear the receptors that the virus that triggered it used to enter and the characteristics of the cancer will be from the receptor's pathways.

follicular lymphoma
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/follicular-dendritic-cell-fdc-sarcoma/about

Castleman's disease and HHV8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleman%27s_disease

HHV8 is the Kaposi's sarcoma virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus

vaccine against follicular lymphoma
https://www.news-medical.net/news/2005/11/09/14390.aspx

Tattoo ink as the carcinogen of the lymph nodes
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230570212_Tattoo_Pigment_Lymphadenopathy_Mimicking_Metastasis_in_Vulvar_Cancer

With the current popularity of Tattoos will this form of cancer increase?

HHV8 and the alpha estrogen receptor
http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/13517/

alpha estrogen receptor is a marker for follicular dendritic cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14507640

In order for Cancer to occur the virus must trigger the cell division cycle.  Knudson's Retinoblastoma protein genes are the target of nuclear viral proteins.
http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v25/n38/full/1209621a.html

Knudson's 2 hit RB cancer gene is the lynch pin to the cell division cycle start
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/10/knudsons-heredity-2-hit-cancer-compared.html
(this form does not involve a viral start but most cancers will need a virus to pull this lynch pin)

Thursday, November 9, 2017

TNF family, Follicular Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, and MAST cells

TNF beta (lymphotoxin-alpha)  Is secreted and worn by Bcells to stimulate Follicular Dendritic Cells.  This TNF-beta is required for the Peyer Patch and secondary lymph nodes development but how is it involved in infection?

FDC are not really dendritic cells; they are non migratory cells at the lymph nodes involved in the development of Bcells

TNF C (lymphotoxin-beta) Is worn by macrophages and dendritic cells (APC) when they are infected by bacterias.  The lymphotoxin receptor is on Mast cells.   While TNF-alpha is secreted by macrophages infected themselves by viruses or bacteria.

lymphotoxin-beta and macrophage intracellular infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12734369

lymphotoxin-beta receptor of mast cell triggers TLR4 and impairs TLR9
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3426

Mast cells normally produce TGF-B1 which triggers a viral response acting on T9 cells .
When the TNF-c receptor of the mast cell is activated the TLR9 (mitochondrial virus butterfly net) is impaired and the TLR4 which is a bacterial vacuole butterfly net is focused on by the Mast cell.  The Mast cells which were focused on viruses are refocused on bacterias that can infect the host's cells.

lymphotoxoin-beta also leads to il-8 release (receptor is on most cells but not B and T cells).

il-8 calls the neutrophils to poison and trap bacteria coming out of host cells


So the question is does the Bcell TNF-beta (lymphotoxin-alpha) expression match up with the possible infections of B cells?

Flu virus and Bcells with TNF
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/11/6193
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.200626255

Tuesday, November 7, 2017

Follicular dendritic cells, the Fc receptor, and albumin antigen binding

Follicular dendritic cells

Review paper of FDC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163300

Albumin and IgG: the Fc receptor binds both
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00682/full

Fc receptors on Follicular dendritic cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843680
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634109

HIV infects FDC cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163303

HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses infect using LH/albumin binding receptors (my hypothesis). Could HIV infect using the Fc receptors?
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/03/albumin-binding-receptors-and.html

human serum albumin alone binds bacterial products
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827814002657

albumin and the immune system
http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=10124


FDC have high levels of C3 complement receptors and they display the antigen carried by them or from antibodies taken in by Fc receptors.

Could FDC also be taking in albumin with antigens bound to them using the Fc receptor?

TNF alpha increased plasma albumin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9513905

peyer's patches removed caused higher albumin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1554968/

the lymph fluid contains albumin as well...think of albumin as an protein sponge collecting things

How do follicular dendritic cells collect antigens for display? Can FDC collect antigens from albumin?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023135/

Tuesday, October 31, 2017

TH17 Called for a "second popping of membranes" then the cytokines that signify where

TH17 are called with the infections is too huge for macrophages to consume or if the infections are hiding inside cells where a second popping of membranes is required.

TH17 and mycobacteria
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/854507/

TH17 and mycoplasmas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240139

TH17 and chlamydia

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162445

TH17 and candida / salmonella
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652671/

TH17 and herpes zoster (mitochondria)
http://www.globethesis.com/?t=2284330488484866

TH17 and HIV (nucleus)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886291/

TH17 and EBV (nucleus)
http://www.bloodadvances.org/content/1/17/1324

Now lets look at the cytokines to help identify where in the cell the infections are

il-18 mycoplasmas nesting in the ER and is NOT an in the il-20 Family

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

ER and il-18
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/196/1_Supplement/207.1

mycoplasmas and the ER (electron microscope images)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651334
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.1970.10796399
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325531/

polyomavirus and il-18
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863474

polyomaviruses infect the ER

il-18 acts on TH1 cells to make IFN gamma

Note that when the ER is infected self proteins do not make it to the surface which means there will be no self proteins to be recognized.  An ER infected cell will look like a foreign cell which explains why IFNgamma is the default.  Kill anything that doesn't have self proteins on the outside.


The il-20 Family is secreted by Th17

il-20 Family includes: il-26, il-19, il-22, and il-24

il-26 nucleus

il-19 disruption of mitochondria

il-22 chlamydia/ gonorrhoeae/ h.pylori in vacuoles

il-24 salmonella in the golgi

Nucleus: il-26

il-26 PORE (used for a second popping of membranes like the mitochondria and nucleus or internalized infections)
https://www.nature.com/articles/ni.3211

( TLR-9 I had linked to being the net of the mitochondria )
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/01/tlrs-toll-like-receptors-summary.html

il-26 and herpes viruses
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0070281


Golgi: il-24

salmonella nests inside of cells in vacole near golgi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778407

Golgi and il-24 with melanoma (supporting connection)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126330

golgi and ER relationship....IFNgamma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712678

ifn gamma and tnf with salmonella
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/163643


Vacuoles: il-22

Chlamydia moves inside of cells to replicate
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886739/

il-23 triggers Th17 to release il-22 and il-17
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238108


H.pylori and il-23
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342083/

H.pylori and il-22
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26867135

H.pylori replicates in vacuoles
http://iai.asm.org/content/78/10/4157.full




Immunology Review paper
https://manugowdagn.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/kuby-immunology-7th-edition-2013.pdf

Think of the surface of infections:

Staph has a fairly flat surface and the antibodies of complement work well.

Strep has sugars sticking up making it harder for antibodies to touch but the lectin-mannose pathway works.

E.coli has a furry mess of a surface making it next to impossible for things to collect on the surface so the alternative pathway is followed.

Then you have the TH17 infections.  These are the infections that are too large or moving inside of the host cells.  Which means a second wave of membrane breaking must occur.

I believe that some cytokines help coordinate where the infections are.

The trick is when infections like Staph decide to move inside of the host to escape the immune system.

Th17 cells and then Th22 cells would then become involved.



Tuesday, October 24, 2017

p53

What about p53?

P53 is a transcription factor.  P53 would end a cancer cell if functional. (but it doesn't start the cancer) This is one of the most critical defense genes against cancer.

P53 regulates cell cycle and pushes cells from stem to differentiated
http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001268
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614522

P53 review:  haulting growth, repair, apoptosis (so low levels are common)
http://www.bioinformatics.org/p53/introduction.html

50% of cancers have lost the P53 gene (mutation or inactivation)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756401/
http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v26/n15/full/1210280a.html

The cancers with p53 may be the "chemo-resistant" cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756401/

In breast cancer the p53 mutation appears with the most aggressive forms
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr426

Triple negative Breast cancer and p53 mutations
https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/bmt.13.59?journalCode=bmt

Methylation of p53 in ovarian cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22855178

methylation of p53 decreases its ability to arrest the cell cycle
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762123/

The methylated version is with the slower cancers

In order for viruses to replicate in the nucleus they must control the P53....seems confusing

EBV (herpes virus) and P53
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754062/

SV40 (polyomavirus) inhibits P53 completely or mutates it
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560412/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129663

HPV (human papilloma virus)  inhibits P53
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC236349/

But in co-carcinogenesis the virus polymerase has been bound by the carcinogen and the viral proteins are not made. 

But there is a difference between viruses. Some infect using receptors that methylate DNA while others use receptors that would demethylate.

Herpes viruses which are connected to estrogen receptors methylate.
HPVs which are connected to cannabinoid receptors demethylate.

EBV has been associated with Ovarian and estrogen positive breast cancer.
HPV has been associated with TNBC and cervical.

P53, HPV, and cervical cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21672450








Monday, October 23, 2017

Lynch syndrome, Hypermethylation, DNA repair proteins, and the herpes viruses

MSH2, MSH3, MLH2, and PMS2

Methylation of  these genes, or mutations, favors cancer during co-carcinogenesis. The cell division would be triggered by a viral infection. Co-carcinogenesis is what awakens the state of embryonic cell division not these mutations.

As "repair" genes they do not cause cell division but they would accelerate chaos once it had started if they were turned off.  Risking the lost off genes that are critical to control of cell cycle.

Colon rectal cancer and Herpes viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075144/

herpes viruses use estrogen receptors

estrogen receptors which when magnified would methylate (shown in breast cancer)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24434785

hypermethylation of MSH2 in lynch syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388775

MSH2 combines with MSH3 to repair DNA

hypermethylation of MLH2 in lynch syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376264/

MLH1 combines with PMS2 to repair DNA

Co-carcinogeness
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/04/co-carcinogenesis-emphasis-of-5-nuclear.html

Lynch syndrome involves the inheritance of mutations in these repair genes. Which means that HPV with it's demethylation would have these types of mutations...not methylation.

Lynch and DNA repair genes and TNBC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992699
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548324/

Lynch is therefore the inheritance of a few mutations but not mutations in all of them.

Sunday, October 22, 2017

BRCA and cancer


One of the genes linked to breast cancer and ovarian cancer is the BRCA gene. Inheriting this gene mutated increases the chances of breast cancer but spontaneous breast cancer does not have it mutated. So it is not required for cancer.

BRCA makes a protein that repairs DNA. So this gene when mutated or inhibited by methylation the dividing cancer cells have increasingly more mutations.

BRCA hypermethylation and silencing prevented by resveratrol
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197621

BRCA hypermethylation found in cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24889916

So what is happening?  When a cell has been set on a course to divide rapidly  errors occur.  Normally the BRCA would repair them during this process but if it is mutated or hypermethylated it doesn't work.

Looking at the viruses that may be involved in breast cancer risk:

HPV uses the cannabinoid receptor ( CB1 use by HPV is hypothesized on my blog on another post)

The cannabinoid receptor prevents the inhibitory effect of BRCA.  Therefore if this receptor pathway was magnified then it could look as though BRCA was lost.

CMV/EBV use the estrogen alpha and estrogen like receptors which would methylate the gene and turn it off.

Triple negative breast cancers and BRCA
https://www.bcrf.org/blog/most-patients-triple-negative-breast-cancer-would-benefit-genetic-testing

BRCA mutation and triple negative breast cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28164176

Triple negative breast cancer and HPV
http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/623542

Ovarian cancer and hypermethylation of BRCA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24889916

Herpes virus mRNA and ovarian cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485872

are ovarian cysts caused by the herpes virus?

Ovarian cysts are a risk for ovarian cancer
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p609.html




Saturday, October 21, 2017

Knudson's heredity 2-hit cancer compared to Co-carcinogenesis: a contemplation of how this fits together

Knudson's heredity "2 hit cancers" involves the mutation driven cancers found in some childhood cancers.

In 1927 Muller proved that radiation makes mutations in fruit fly DNA thus connecting the cancer caused by radiation directly to the mutations occurring in the DNA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller

In 1934 Muller suggested that one mutation was not enough since cancer did not immediately occur at the time of the mutation.  The question was then how many mutations does it take?

In 1971 Knudson found the answer studying cancers in children In Retinalblastoma cancer could be caused by mutating both RB alleles.  The smallest number of mutations possible to cause cancer was 2. Hence his "2 hit model"

In order for cancer to occur the genes mutated must be monumentally significant in the process of cancer and embryogenesis.  Mutational childhood cancer is not how much DNA damage rather did the critical genes get damaged.

The retinalblastoma gene encodes a protein that suppresses cell cycles. (called a tumor suppressor but think in terms of embryogenesis where this protein stops the divisions)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein

RB is the lynch pin stopping cells from dividing.

Cancer is the division of cells without control.
Not the accumulations of mutations in DNA over a lifetime until some DNA damage level is reached.

Heredity and childhood cancer will reveal the small group of key genes involved in cancer through mutation and these damaged genes are all participants of cell division.

Most cancers are more complex.  Most cancers will not be mutation triggered.  Most cancers will begin through Co-carcinogenesis. Then the heredity of cell cycle mutations favor the continued life of these cancer cells.

Co-carcinogenesis is when a carcinogen interacts with a virus to cause cancer.    The host's cell cycle divisions are turned on as if in embryogenesis.  Further it is during these massive divisions that  mutations can occur progressing the cancer. The virus and carcinogen are triggering the division of cells.

RB is the focus of nuclear viral oncoproteins.
http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v25/n38/full/1209621a.html

Co-carcinogenesis
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/04/co-carcinogenesis-emphasis-of-5-nuclear.html

Nuclear viruses turn on the high rate transcription involved with cell division. Which if they become inhibited by a carcinogen and their own polymerase can't use the freed system...cancer occurs.

Myc-c gene codes for a cell cycle transcription factor.  Myc is expressed during the epiblast stage of embryogenesis.
https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7460/full/nature12389.html

Myc-c favors a cell continuing to divide while low levels in the epiblast state dies.  If the cell is cancerous with high myc it is favored to live.

Methylation occurs right before the Epiblast state. Methylation looks like it turns Myc on.

Myc-c is expressed in Burkitt lymphoma.

Epstein Barr virus has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095571/

Herpes viruses and retinoblastoma proteins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636798/

The EBV uses the estrogen receptors which trigger methylation.  (the pathway is then magnified by the virus)
http://angelabiggs.blogspot.com/2017/05/virus-families-use-receptor-families.html

Which means the virus "awoke" more myc-c than is normally expressed through the receptor it used to infect